Military history

Notes

Chapter Two: “They Shoot Russians”

page 35 gave my father William a 360-page book: William Johnston, Tom Graham, V.C., A Tale of the Afghan War (London: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1900).

38 An account of life in Kabul: Burnes, Cabool.

38 Imperial Gazetteer of India: Afghanistan and Nepal, pp. 26–7.

39 “It seemed to me so utterly wrong”: Sykes, Durand, p. 96.

39 Yet Durand sent a letter: Ibid., p. 117, facsimile of handwritten letter from Durand to Ella Sykes, 26 January 1895. Durand included a poem he had composed on the death of one of the British cavalrymen in suitably Victorian verse: “Aye, we have found him, the fair young face/Turned to the pitiless Afghan skies . . . Lying above there, out on the plain/Where the desperate charge of our horsemen broke,/Foremost fighting, and foremost slain,/Gashed by many a murderous stroke.”

39 an inquisitive and generous man: Ibid., p. 207.

40 “unless you drive me into enmity”: Ibid., pp. 216–17.

44 report from The Guardian: “Russia’s Pounds 350 Million back door” by Simon Winchester, 8 May 1978.

45 some evidence that it was Amin: Griffiths, Afghanistan, p. 174.

61 “it is a garden”: See Micheline Centreslivres-Demont, Popular Art in Afghanistan: Paintingson Trucks, Mosques and Tea-Houses (Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt, 1976).

62 Within days of the Soviet invasion: Statement of Iranian foreign ministry, Tehran, 30 December 1979.

62 he hoped his country would give: Interview with the author, Tehran, 9 July 1980.

(n.) 68 From his executive office: The Times, 22 January 1980.

69–70 “A weird, uncanny place”: Mills, Pathan Revolts , pp. 108–9.

Chapter Three: The Choirs of Kandahar

(n.) 71 As usual, Churchill: See Winston Churchill, My Early Life: A Roving Commission (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1930), p. 156.

(n.) 84 It was instructive: See, for example, Literaturnaya Gazeta, 20 February 1980, p. 9.

88 had “for some reason” removed: I wrote exactly the same in my dispatch to my paper, as if this extraordinary event was scarcely worth recording. See The Times, 18 February 1980.

90 around $35 billion—$2.5 billion: Griffiths, Afghanistan, pp. 182–3.

90 Saudi Arabia, on its own admission: Anthony Hyman, “Arab Involvement in the Afghan War,” in The Beirut Review: A Journal on Lebanon and the Middle East, No. 7, Spring 1994, p. 78.

90 25,000 Arabs saw service: Ibid., p. 79.

(n.) 90 “Now that we have . . . ”: Letter from Douglas-Home to the author, 26 March 1980.

Chapter Four: The Carpet-Weavers

(n.) 95 “we are confronted”: Roosevelt, Countercoup, p. 18.

97 “The outcome was inevitable”: Woodhouse, Something Ventured , p. 45.

98 “democracy of Islam . . . popular eloquence”: Bill, The Eagle and the Lion, pp. 69–70, quoting L. P. Elwell-Sutton, Persian Oil: A Study in Power Politics (London: Laurence and Wishart, 1955), p. 195.

(n.) 98 Not that the future Ayatollah: Bill, p. 69.

98 “began a new era”: Ibid., p. 96.

98 “That was a nice”: Woodhouse, p. 132.

(n.) 99 One of its victims: Halliday, Iran, p. 87.

101 the population of the city of Kerman: Kapuscinski, Shah of Shahs , pp. 36–7.

101 The Red Cross report: Rapport de synthèse faisant suite à la première série de visites des délégués du Comité International de la Croix Rouge à 3,087 détenus de sécurité dans 18 prisons Iraniennes, 1977.

101 “we have no lessons to learn”: Sunday Times, 16 April 1978, interview with the Shah by Frank Giles, “Why Iran feels it needs no advice from the West on human rights.”

103 “are a genuine popular revolution”: Edward Mortimer, “Iran: The greatest revolution since 1917,” Spectator, 17 February 1979.

104 “my doctor has given me”: The longest English-language account in Tehran of Hoveyda’s initial court appearance appeared in Kayhan’s international edition of 17 March 1979.

105 “The first bullets”: Shawcross, Shah’s Last Ride, p. 218.

105 “I found that this”: Letter from author to Ivan Barnes, 30 March 1979.

109 “This is what happens”: Shawcross, p. 317.

113 U.S. diplomatic correspondence: These and subsequent quotations come from the 85 volumes of reconstructed American embassy traffic published in Tehran between 1979 and 1985. A summary of the involvement of Entezam and Bazargan can be found in Bill, pp. 290–3.

114 “The CIA apparently believed”: Ebtekar, Takeover, p. 98.

125 “the anti-Koranic ideas”: The Last Message: The Political and Divine Will of His Holiness Imam Khomeini (Tehran: The Imam Khomeini Cultural Institute, 1992). Khomeini wrote his will on 15 February 1983, six years before his death.

127 “He was a study in concentration”: Ebtekar, p. 110.

Chapter Five: The Path to War

139 the “grim battle” for Baghdad: Letter to the author from Charles Dickens’s daughter Hilda Maddock, 28 October 2003.

142 “we should be received”: Attiyah, Iraq, p. 108, quoting Sir Percy Cox in a letter to the Viceroy of India on 23 November 1914. For this and subsequent details of the British occupation of Iraq, I am indebted to Ghassan Attiyah’s magnificent work of research in both British and Iraqi archives of the period, a volume that should be read by all Western “statesmen” planning to invade Arab countries.

142 “gaped emptily”: Attiyah, pp. 95–6, quoting Alois Musil, The Middle Euphrates: A Topographical Itinerary (New York: American Geographical Society, 1927), pp. 128–9.

142 “There is no doubt”: The Sphere, London, 15 May 1915.

144 “always entertained”: Attiyah, p. 104, quoting correspondence in British National Archives (NA) FO371/2775/187454.

144 “some of the Holy”: Ibid., p. 105, quoting NA CAB 21/60.

144 “clearly it is our right”: Ibid., p. 130, quoting a British Admiralty memorandum of 17 March 1915.

144 “taking Mesopotamia”: Ibid., p. 130n, quoting Earl Asquith’s Memories and Reflections, 1852–1927, vol. II, P. 69 (London: Cassell, 1928).

144 Iraq would be governed: Ibid., p. 165, quoting NA FO371/3387/142404 (Cox).

144 “a cabinet half of natives”: Ibid., p. 168, quoting NA FO371/4148/13298.

144 “The stronger the hold”: Ibid., p. 166, quoting E. Burgoyne’s Gertrude Bell, from Her PersonalPapers, 1914–1926 (London: E. Benn, 1961), pp. 78–9.

144 “Is it not for the benefit”: Hansard, Commons, vol. 127, cols. 662–4, 25 March 1920.

145 “local political agitation”: Attiyah, p. 203.

145 “We cannot maintain”: Ibid., p. 211, quoting NA FO371/5227/E6509.

145 The authorities demanded: Ibid., p. 230.

145 “Badr must be killed”: Ibid., p. 249, quoting Iraqi Ministry of Interior document, Nasiriyah, April and May 1919.

145 “anarchy plus fanaticism”: John Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policyin the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), quoted by Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace, p. 453.

145 “heavy punishment”: Attiyah, p. 343.

145 “to complete the façade”: Ibid., p. 362.

145 “How much longer”: Quoted in Fromkin, p. 452.

145 “about ten thousand Arabs”: The Letters of T. E. Lawrence , ed. David Garnett (London: Jonathan Cape, 1938), p. 316, quoted in Fromkin, p. 497.

(n.) 145 “in Irak the Arabs”: T. E. Laurence [sic], memorandum Reconstruction of Arabia to the Eastern Committee of the War Cabinet, 5 November 1918, National Archives CAB 27/36.

146 at least eight pilots: Clive Semple, unpublished MS, “Eight Graves to Cairo: Calamity and Cover-up,” 2004, p. 4.

146 “you should certainly proceed”: Churchill note to Trenchard, 29 August 1920. Winston S. Churchill 1917–1922 Companion Volume IV by Martin Gilbert (London: Heinemann, 1977), p. 1190.

146 “that by burning down”: Dudley Saward, “Bomber” Harris: The Authorised Biography (London: Cassell, 1984), p. 31.

146 “they [the Arabs and Kurds] now know”: A. and P. Cockburn, Out of the Ashes, p. 65, quoting David McDowall, A Modern History of the Kurds (London: I. B. Tauris, 1997), p. 180.

146 “these risings take”: Observer, 8 August 1920.

146 But Lawrence had: Letter to the author from Peter Metcalfe, 22 June 2004.

146 “The Arabs rebelled”: Garnett, Letters of T. E. Lawrence , op. cit., pp. 306–8, letter to The Times of 22 July 1920.

147 “The people of England”: Sunday Times, 22 August 1920.

147 “maintain the policy”: Observer, 10 February 1991, by David Omissi, “RAF officer who resigned rather than bomb Iraq.”

148 British forces paused: Warner, Iraq and Syria, p. 117.

(n.) 148 “The Arab liberation movement”: Quoted in Warner, p. 113.

(n.) 153 Mesopotamia had been the seat: Popovic, Revolt of African Slaves , p. 124.

159 And there he suddenly ended: A poor English translation of Saddam’s Baghdad press conference of 20/21 July 1980 was carried in the Baghdad Observer of 23 and 24 July 1980— but without his remarks on the expulsions.

160 It was one of Stalin’s biographers: Simon Sebag Montefiore in International Herald Tribune, 3 July 2004, “A disciple of Stalin in the dock.”

160 “the perfume of Iraq”: Quoted by David Hirst in the Guardian, 24 September 1980, “The megalomaniac pitted against the zealot.”

166 “Iraqis who fail”: 8 Days, 1 March 1980, “Iraq drive to eradicate illiteracy” by Marion Woolfson.

166 “An enormous potential market”: Sunday Press, Dublin, 27 March 1977, “Land of the leftist sheikhs,” by Sean Cryan.

(n.) 167 “think we have to assume”: Author’s message to Barnes, 7 May 1980.

168 “justify their action”: Hansard, Lords, 14 December 1989, cols. 1397–8.

168 “I doubt if there is any”: Waldegrave memo quoted in the Guardian, 13 September 1993, “Sell arms to Iraq—but keep it quiet: The Scott inquiry is exposing a system corrupted by secrecy,” by Richard Norton-Taylor.

169 “it would look very cynical”: Norton-Taylor report in the Guardian, 13 March 1993.

169 “Tell Dee I’m sorry”: Daphne Parish, Prisoner in Baghdad (London: Chapmans, 1992), pp. 124–31.

170 “another visit by Mr. Fisk”: Letter from Dr. Abdul Amir Al-Anbari, Iraqi ambassador in London, 21 February 1986, to Pat Davis, assistant managing editor of The Times.

(n.) 170 “were extremely upset”: Alloway message from Tehran to Barnes, 7 August 1980.

(n.) 172 “tried to attack Bakhtiar’s”: Author’s interview with Anis Naccache, Tehran, 22 October 1991.

(n.) 172–3 “setting the scene”: Abul-Fazl Ezzati, The Revolutionary Islam and the Islamic Revolution (Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Guidance, 1981), p. 195.

173 “It would be strange”: The full text of Khomeini’s message can be found in the English-language Tehran Times of 8 April 1982.

173 Among them were ten young women: Observer, 26 June 1983, “Bahai women die for their faith,” by Colin Smith.

174 On one night, 150 women: Observer, 6 May 1984, “Inside Khomeini’s slaughterhouse,” by Colin Smith.

174 Iranian state radio recorded: Iran Monitor (news translations from Iran radio and the Persian Press), 4 July 1980. The Times stringer Tony Alloway produced this invaluable daily digest of revolutionary activities for well over a year after the overthrow of the Shah.

174 Amnesty recorded the evidence: Amnesty International’s written statement on human rights in Iran to the Political Affairs Committee of the European Parliament, 28 November 1985.

174 A frightening nine-page pamphlet: The English-language booklet was handed out by Ministry of Islamic Guidance officials in 1979 under the title The People and the Revolutionary Courts. The author has a copy.

174 Khomeini raged: Khomeini, Last Message.

175 Human Rights Watch was reporting: Human Rights Watch, Tears, Blood and Cries: Human Rights in Afghanistan 1979–1984, a Helsinki Watch Report, December 1984, pp. 5, 9, and 35.

176 As long ago as October 1979: This assessment and the Yazdi remarks and U.S. assessment of Saddam’s intentions come from vols. 10 and 12 of the U.S. embassy traffic published in Tehran.

176 Back in 1978, the Shah: Sunday Times, 16 April 1978, interview with Frank Giles.

178 The Iraqi Foreign Ministry: The Iraqi–Iranian Dispute: Facts versus Allegations (Baghdad: Iraqi Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1981).

178 “null and void”: An unconvincing explanation for Iraq’s decision was contained in Iraqi prime minister Tariq Aziz’s speech to the UN General Assembly on 25 September 1987.

178 “When we arrived”: Interview with Fathi Daoud Mouffak, Baghdad, 30 July 2004.

Chapter Six: “The Whirlwind War”

198 “knew something was happening”: Author’s conversation at home of U.S. ambassador to Jordan Richard Viets with former U.S. chargé in Tehran Bruce Laingen (then head of U.S. War College), Amman, 17 April 1983.

199 “Suppose you were an inveterate enemy”: Ayatollah Khomeini, 1 July 1981, quoted in full in Mahjoubah: The Magazine for Muslim Women , Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Guidance, July 1981.

199 One estimate—that 10,000 suspects were hanged or shot: Bullock & Morris, Gulf War, p. 67, quoting Iranian sociologist Ehsan Naraghi.

206 An official history of the Guard Corps: Although carrying no publisher’s imprint, the 8-page brochure was distributed by the Ministry of Islamic Guidance in Tehran around 1984 under the title Islamic Revolution Guard Corps; A Brief Analysis.

207 “ . . . doors suddenly opened”: Frederic Manning (Private 19022), Her Privates We, introduction by Edmund Blunden (London: Peter Davies, 1964), p. 154.

207 Egyptian-made heavy artillery shells: Author’s interview with retired General Mohamed Abdul Moneim, military affairs correspondent of Al-Ahram, Cairo, 2 June 1982.

207 the Iraqis held an arms fair: Author’s interview with Mohamed Salam, Sidon, Lebanon, 1 November 2003.

207 a U.S. military delegation: Author’s interview with Mohamed Salam, Baghdad, 21 July 1985.

208 “There had been a major battle”: Salam interview, 1 November 2003.

209 Iran’s own official history: The Imposed War (Tehran: War Information Headquarters), vol. 2, pp. 163–94. A misprint on p. 164 gives the date of the first gas attack as 1980 rather than 1981.

210 “United States intelligence analysts”: New York Times , 27 March 1985, quoted in The Times of London of the same date, “Iraq’s use of mustard gas confirmed.”

211 “I was invited”: Salam interview, 1 November 2003.

213 More than sixty officers: International Herald Tribune, 19 August 2002, quoting The New York Times, report by Patrick Tyler, “U.S. aided Iraq in ’80s despite gas use, officials say.”

214 “By any measure, the American record”: International Herald Tribune, 17 January 2003, “America didn’t seem to mind poison gas,” by Joost R. Hilterman.

214 Halabja was mentioned in 188 news stories: Rampton and Stauber, Weapons of Mass Deception, p. 76.

214 “is a person who has gassed”: George W. Bush address, Denver, Colorado, 28 October 2002.

214 “We have had such a malicious”: Rafsanjani press conference, Tehran, 25 May 1997 (author’s notes).

Chapter Seven: “War against War” and the Fast Train to Paradise

219 the first Exocet spewed 120 pounds: Navy Times, 26 October 1987, “Inferno The Like of Which Had Never Been Experienced,” by William Matthews.

220 “Rest assured”: Associated Press report from Washington, 22 May 1987.

(n.) 220 “we never before had reason”: Author’s interview with Ambassador Zakhem, U.S. embassy, Bahrain, 26 May 1987.

221 “this barbarous country”: Reagan press conference, 27 May 1987.

222 227 ships had been attacked: Gulf shipping agents could never agree on exact figures, but these statistics, which appear the most accurate, are from Intertanko of Oslo.

222 Between May 1981: Lloyd’s Intelligence, London, May 1987.

222 “The incident provided”: Dispatch to The Times from Bahrain, sent 28 May 1987.

228 By 1986 alone, a million: Associated Press, 12 March 1986, “Up to a Million Dead, No End in Sight,” by G. G. Labelle.

230 In July, Iraq began: Washington Post, 13 September 1985, quoted in Reuters Washington datelined report of the same date.

(n.) 234 James Cameron, one of my great: Cameron, Point of Departure , p. 139.

Chapter Eight: Drinking the Poisoned Chalice

264 “marked the horrifying climax”: See Proceedings, journal of the U.S. Naval Institute, August 1993, vol. 119/8/1,086, pp. 49–56, “Vincennes: A Case Study,” by Lieutenant Colonel David Evans.

264 “Why do you want an Aegis cruiser”: Evans in Proceedings , op. cit., p. 52, quoting a personal interview with Captain David Carlson on 23 June 1992.

264 “was on a normal commercial”: Formal Investigation into the Circumstances Surrounding the Downing of a Commercial Airliner by the USS Vincennes by Rear Admiral William M. Fogarty, USN, 28 July 1988.

264 Newsweek magazine would carry out: Newsweek, 13 July 1992, “Sea of Lies,” by John Barry and Roger Charles.

267 “He was turned into the powder”: Will and Sharon Rogers, Storm Center: The USS Vincennes and Iran Air Flight 655 (Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992), pp. 184–6.

271 Half the next issue: Sunday Tribune (Dublin), 10 July 1988.

272 Captain Rogers saw the film again: Rogers, Storm Center, op. cit., p. 188.

274 “As to your order to execute the hypocrites”: Quoted in Iran Bulletin (London),Winter 1996, pp. 26–9, “The Great Massacre,” by Naser Mohajer.

274 “When [they] are taken to the Hosseinieh”: Quoted in Iran Bulletin, Winter 1996, op. cit., p. 28.

274 A former female prisoner: Iran Bulletin, Autumn/Winter 1998, interview with Monireh Baradaran, “Witness to Massacre.” Baradaran’s account of her nine years in the regime’s prisons was published in Farsi as Haghighat-e sadeh—“Simple truth”—and in German as Erwachen aus dem Alptraum (Unionsverlag, 1998).

274 This was Fariba’s description: Iran Bulletin, Summer 2000, p. 62, from an abridged translation of Here Virgins Do Not Die by “Shahrzad” (Paris: Khavaran, 1998).

275 Of 1,533 Iranian female prisoners: Iran Bulletin, Spring/Summer 1999, pp. 40–3, “The life and death of women in Islamic prisons,” by Dr. Rehza Ghaffari. His Khaterateh Yek ZendaniAs Zendanhaye Jumhouriye Islam—“Memories of a prisoner of prisons of the Islamic Republic”—was published in Farsi (Stockholm: Arshag Forlag, 1998).

275 Amnesty was able to list: Amnesty International report on Iraqi executions, 25 February 1988.

276 at least 700 prisoners: Committee against Repression and for Democratic Rights in Iraq (CARDRI), press release, 2 March 1988.

276 When Khadum Fadel returned: Agence France-Presse report by Tanya Wilmer, published in Jordan Times, 6 February 1999.

281 “I doubt whether I would be inaccurate”: Letter from Zainab Kazim, 1996 (otherwise undated), following the author’s article in the Independent on Sunday Review, 25 June 1995, “Oh What a Lovely Holy War.”

289 “Some magnificent men”: Letter to author from Robert Parry, 4 October 2004.

290 “One of our soldiers”: Interview with Haidar al-Safi, Baghdad, 28 July 2004.

291 “We would go to the headquarters”: Mouffak interview, Baghdad, 30 July 2004.

Chapter Nine: “Sentenced to Suffer Death”

300 the war diaries: National Archives, Kew, WO95/2126.

304 I had spent more than two years: See Fisk, Pity the Nation, pp. 632–49.

(n.) 307 The politics of partition: These statistics come from Henry Harris, The Irish Regiments of the First World War (Cork: Mercier, 1968), pp. 219–21. In all: see “The Irish Times, An Irishman’s Diary,” by Oliver Fannon, Irish Times, 6 September 2004.

308 “He was like one of those revolving lighthouses”: War Memoirs of David Lloyd George (London: Odhams, 1936), vol. I, p. 450.

Chapter Ten: The First Holocaust

320 “it may well be that the British attack”: Winston Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1927), p. 405.

322 “Reports from widely scattered districts”: Cipher telegram from Morgenthau to the U.S. State Department, 10 July 1915, reprinted in United States Official Records on the ArmenianGenocide 1915–1917 (compiled with introduction by Ara Sarafian, Princeton: Gomidas Institute, 2004), p. 51.

324 Armenian scholars have compiled: See, for example, the Armenian National Institute’s annual report for 1998, pp. 9–10.

325 “machinery of violence”: Mark Mazower in the London Review of Books, 8 February 2001, p. 20, “The G-Word.”

325 700 pages of eyewitness accounts: The Treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire: Documents Presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon by Viscount Bryce (London: House of Lords, 2004). This new edition contains names and other identifying details that were omitted from the original publication to protect eyewitnesses from Turkish reprisals.

325 Leslie Davis, the thirty-eight-year-old former lawyer: Balakian, Burning Tigris, pp. 241–9.

326 The Germans were also involved in building: Ibid., p. 191.

326 From the start, the New York Times: See The Armenian Genocide: News Accounts from the American Press 1915–1922, ed. Richard D. Kloian (American Genocide Resource Center of Northern California, 2000).

327 Even in the Canadian city of Halifax: See Heralding of the Armenian Genocide: Reports in The Halifax Herald 1894–1922, compiled by Katia Minas Pettekian (Armenian Cultural Association of the Atlantic Provinces, 2000).

327 In the former Ottoman city of Basra: H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (London: Barzon Publishing, 2004), pp. 276–7.

327 a group of more than 1,000 women: United States Official Records of the Armenian Genocide, p. 587.

328 a long account written by Cyril Barter: Barter’s “account of experiences during the war, written from Baghdad in 1919” was sent to me by his son Antony, 23 June 2004.

328 “The butchery had taken place”: E. H. Jones, The Road to En-Dor (London: White Lion Publishers, 1973; originally published London: Bodley Head, 1920), p. 83.

328 “My father, Sarkis”: Letter to the author from Ellen Sarkisian Chesnut of San Francisco, 23 February 2000.

329 The first writer to call the Armenian genocide: Churchill, The World Crisis: The Aftermath, op. cit., p. 157.

329 “Acknowledging that British and American”: Churchill, Great War, vol. 4, p. 1570.

329 Franz von Papen, for example: See Vahakn Dadrian, “The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice,” in The Yale Journal of International Law, Summer 1998, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 504–59. Dadrian erroneously refers to Rudolf Hoess as “Rudolf Hess.”

330 And there came another fateful reference: Gilbert, Holocaust, p. 556, quoting German notes of Hitler’s discussion with Horthy on 17 April 1943 (document D-736 in the files of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal).

330 Some Armenian slave labourers: See Mark Levene’s The Experience of Genocide in Lightning Strikes Twice: The World War 1914–1945 (London: HarperCollins, 2000). Levene’s note on the Baghdad railway appears on p. 16 of his original manuscript.

(n.) 330 At a conference in Beirut: A series of talks on The First World War as Remembered in the Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean was held in the Lebanese capital from 27 April to 1 May 2001; see Daily Star , Beirut, 4 May 2001.

331 A Turkish military tribunal: See AIM: Armenian International Magazine, January/February 2001, pp. 26–33, “A Century of Genocide,” by Matthew Karanian.

331 He lectured across Germany in 1933: See Dadrian, History of the Armenian Genocide, p. 410.

331 In 1933, the same year: Churchill, Great War, vol. 4, p. 1570.

332 Of the Treaty of Lausanne: Ibid., p. 1571.

333 Lord Bryce, whose report: James Bryce, International Relations: Eight lectures delivered in the United States in August, 1921 (London: Macmillan, 1922), pp. 65–71.

336 Mark Levene has written extensively: See Levene’s “A Moving Target, the Usual Suspects and (Maybe) a Smoking Gun: The Problem of Pinning Blame in Modern Genocide,” in Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 33, no. 4, 1999, citing R. S. Stafford, The Tragedy of the Assyrians (London: Allen and Unwin, 1935), pp. 168–77.

336 After writing about the Armenian Holocaust: Letter to the author from A. V. Ozolinš, 2 February 2000.

336 “part of Europe’s own forgotten past”: Mazower in London Review of Books, op. cit.

336 When the historian Norman Davis: Letter to the author from Davis, 12 April 1998.

336 But sure enough, there was a book: Author anonymous, The Dark Side of the Moon (London: Faber, 1946).

337 Armenians “had defected en masse”: Koknar email letter to the editor, 5 February 2000.

338 “purely fabricated”: Cakir letter to the author, 15 April 1992.

338 The Hitler quotation was “fabricated”: Tat email letter to the editor, 3 February 2000.

338 “100-year-old unfortunate victims”: Zorba letter to editor, 1 February 2001.

338 “many members of my family”: Haktanir letter to editor, 21 March 2001.

338 “The myth of ‘Armenian Holocaust’”: Letter from Ozener to the Jerusalem Post Magazine, 18 June 1999, citing “A Genocide Denied” by Marilyn Henry, 28 May 1999.

339 In an interview with the Anatolia News Agency: Quoted in the Turkish Daily News, 10 April 2001.

339 “It seems to me”: Charny letter to Peres, 11 April 2001.

339 Nor did Charny flinch: Charny, Encyclopedia of Genocide, vol. 1, pp. 61–105.

339 “the aim of Ittihad”: Ibid., p. 94.

339 “the Turks had let it be known”: From the published proceedings of the conference by Israel Charny, The Armenians, the Turks and the Jews (Jerusalem: Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, 1983).

340 “how can the destruction”: Jonathan Eric Lewis, “Genocide and the Modern World,” published in the Armenian-Mirror Spectator , April 2001.

340 “The Pope has been struck”: Milliyet, 11 November 2000.

340 tried to disconnect it from the Nazi genocide: Dr. Salâhi R. Sonyel, Turco-Armenian Relations in the Context of the Jewish Holocaust (Ankara: Turk Tarih Kurumu Basimevi, 1990).

340 “Turkey firmly denies”: See, for example, the International Herald Tribune, 27 September 2001, “Pope Prays for Armenians.”

340 “more than a million Armenians”: BBC World Service radio news, 26 September 2001.

342 Peter Balakian and the historian Robert Jay Lifton: Balakian, op. cit., pp. 383–5.

343 150 Holocaust scholars and historians: Fifty-three of them signed an ad in The Washington Post, on 23 April 1999.

343 In 1997, for example, the Ellis Island Museum: See New York Times , 11 September 1997.

344 Holocaust denial is alive: See Norman Finkelstein in Index on Censorship , Issue 2, 2000.

344 Lewis was convicted: See Le Monde, 23 June 1995; also, for a discussion on Lewis’s original references to the Armenian killings as a “holocaust,” see Le Monde, 26 April 1994, “Un entretien avec Anahide Ter-Minassian et Claude Mutafian.”

344 French foreign ministry secretary-general: Ankara Anatolia news agency report, 18 September 2000.

(n.) 344 Strangely enough, the French national airline: Air France Magazine , October 1999, p. 144.

345 “after full and careful consideration”: Frater letter to Joan Ablett of the Armenian Assembly of America, 21 November 2000.

345 “the Crusades, slavery, colonialism”: Frater letter to Armen Lucas, 15 December 2000.

345 “any serious commemoration”: Zaven Messerlian letter to Frater, 21 December 2000.

345 “Our historical frame of reference”: Brittain-Catlin letter to Lucas, 16 January 2001.

346 “in the absence of unequivocal evidence”: Answer by Baroness Ramsay of Cartvale to Baroness Cox in the House of Lords, 14 April 1999, Hansard, Lords, cols. 826–30, cited in Ruper Boyadjian, Great Britain’s Denial of the Genocide Against the Armenians, proceedings of the Kigali conference, 25–30 November 2001.

348 “a messy and painful affair”: Atak letter to exhibition photographer Simon Norfolk, 27 June 2000.

348 “it almost beggars belief”: Independent, 31 August 2000, editorial “Turkey should face up to an ugly episode in its history.”

348 “What is shocking”: Letter to author from Toby Saul, 5 August 2000.

348 New York Life Insurance: See the Armenian National Institute, Washington, D.C., annual report for 2002.

349 “allowed pressure by a foreign government”: Aram Hamparian, director of the Armenian National Committee of America, 24 April 2004.

349 “forcefully remembered”: Letter to author from Sir Michael Mayne, 31 January 2000.

350 Three Turks were prosecuted: Ayshe Nur Zarakaglu, Ragip Zarakoglu and Emirhan Oguz were prosecuted for publishing Les Armeniens, histoire d’un genocide by Yves Ternon (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1977) as Ermeni tabusu (The Armenian Taboo) (Istanbul: Belge Yayinlari, 1994); see statement from the Armenian Rights Group, London, 30 March 1994.

351 “There the Armenians had been forced to undress”: The Kevorkian Newsletter, Paris, 9 September 2002.

354 “Bunches and bunches of roses”: Verjine Svazlian, The Armenian Genocide in the Memoirs and Turkish-Language Songs of the Eyewitness Survivors (Yerevan: Gitutiun Publishing House, 1999), p. 12.

Chapter Eleven: Fifty Thousand Miles from Palestine

356 Those who knew him: Interview with former PLO ambassador to Lebanon Chafiq al-Hout, Beirut, 18 July 1994.

359 “golden opportunity”: See Elpeleg, Grand Mufti, p. 53.

360 “world Jewry, this dangerous enemy”: Ibid., p. 59, full text of Haj Amin letter to Hitler of 20 January 1941 is in Appendix B (pp. 202–5) of Elpeleg’s book.

360 “I suppose it was a great mistake”: Interview with Dr. Nadim al-Dimeshkieh, Beirut, 24 July 1994.

360 “Most of the Palestinians”: Interview with Wassef Kamal, Beirut, 13 August 1994.

361 Haj Amin had as much right to collaborate: See Taysir Jbara, Palestinian Leader Hajj Amin al-Husayni: Mufti of Jerusalem (Princeton, N.J.: Kingston Press, 1985).

362 “his frequent, close contacts”: Elpeleg, p. 73.

362 “If there are reasons”: Ibid., p. 72, citing Mohamed Amin al-Husseini, Zikhronot, Filastin (“Memoirs, Palestine”) (Beirut).

363 “He was of course involved”: Kamal interview, 13 August 1994.

363 “Haj Amin believed”: Elpeleg, p. 178, citing a Hebrew edition of Abu Iyad’s Without a Homeland (Le-Lo Moledet) (Jerusalem, 1979), pp. 64–6.

363 “He said that after the Jews”: Interview with Alia al-Husseini, granddaughter of Haj Amin, 20 July 1994.

364 “Haj Amin should have accepted the UN partition plan”: Interview with Habib abu Fadel, Beirut, 26 July 1994.

364 later beaten up by Haj Amin’s thugs: Bayan al-Hout interview, 18 July 1994.

364 “a very stupid act”: Interview with al-Hout, Beirut, 18 July 1994.

364 “To my surprise”: al-Hout interview, 18 July 1994.

365 “it has to be used with care”: Antonius, Arab Awakening , p. 387.

366 “the capture by British troops”: David Lloyd George, War Memoirs of David Lloyd George, vol. II (London: Odhams, 1936), p. 1092.

366 scarcely any reference to the Balfour Declaration: Ibid., vol. I, pp. 349–50.

366 “It was at one of the darkest periods”: Lloyd George in the House of Commons, 19 June 1936, reported in The Times, 20 June 1936.

367 “the establishment of a Jewish state”: Antonius, pp. 410–11.

368 “the wealthy, crowded, progressive Jewish State”: Winston Churchill, Step by Step: 1936–1939 (London: Odhams, 1947), “Palestine Partition,” 23 July 1937.

368 “the Jewish tragedy owed its origin”: Brigadier John Bagot Glubb, The Story of the Arab Legion (London: Hodder, 1948), p. 231.

368 prewar Zionist committees were contemplating the “transfer”: see Mark Levene, The Limits of Tolerance: Nation-State Building and What It Means for Minority Groups in Patterns of Prejudice (Institute of Jewish Policy Research), vol. 34, no. 2, 2000, citing Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of “Transfer” in Zionist Political Thought 1882–1948 (Washington, D.C.: Institute of Palestine Studies, 1992), p. 128.

369 “I will show you my museum”: Interview with Josef Kleinman, Givat Shaul, Jerusalem, 6 April 2002.

372 ninety-four of the villagers were blown up: Khalidi (ed.), All That Remains, p. 492 (where the village is spelled “al-Salihiyya”), citing Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem.

373 reads like an account of the first year’s Iraqi uprising: Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, Cmd. 6873 (London: HMSO, July 1946).

374 “They were hanging”: Copy of official British “Report on the Murder of Sgt PAICE and Sgt MARTIN” sent to the author by Nadeem El Issa on 21 June 2004.

374 “we usually had a gangers’ trolley”: Harakavet: A Quarterly Journal on the Railways of the Middle East (ed. Rabbi Walter Rothschild), Issue 25, June 1994, quoting letter from Charles S. Eadon-Clarke of Western Australia.

374 “the Arabs, who have lived and buried their dead”: Quoted in Gilbert, Israel, p. 113.

374 “if our dreams for Zionism”: Quoted in Bethell, The Palestine Triangle, p. 183, citing Churchill in the Commons, 17 November 1944.

375 “Why then did your people murder my father?”: See The Times, 5 July 1975, “Ex-Haganah man criticizes assassins’ state funeral.”

375 a day-by-day account of events in Palestine: Compiled from The Scotsman , The Times, from Khalidi, All That Remains, and from Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, by “Scottish Friends of Palestine” under Hugh Humphries.

379 “I will not be away from my freedom fighters”: Interview with Yassir Arafat, Tripoli, Lebanon, 21 June 1983.

386 Syria, for example, had drawn up an eleven-point plan: See Independent, 31 October 1991.

389 “Hence Syria is worried that Jordan”: See Independent , 26 November 1992.

394 “with the prime minister of the Jewish state”: Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, p. 21.

399 “He has changed the charter of the PLO”: Interview with Chafiq al-Hout, Beirut, 10 September 1993.

Chapter Twelve: The Last Colonial War

410 “Israeli troops shot and killed at least another twenty-five”: The Israeli B’Tselem human rights group would later name twelve of twenty-one Palestinians they say were killed by Israeli troops in the six days following the Hebron massacre. See B’Tselem Case Study Number 4, 3 March 1994, Lethal Gunfire and Collective Punishment in the Wake of the Massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs.

420 as Edward Said was the first to point out: See Edward Said, London Review of Books, 14 December 2000.

420 Indeed, a detailed investigation in 2000: Professor Alain Joxe, director of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Research on Peace and Strategic Studies at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, interviewed by Lara Marlowe, Irish Times, 4 November 2000, “Israel accused of turning peace process into a sham, backed by U.S.”

421 “the Pétain of the Palestinians”: Edward Said interview in Irish Times, 3 July 1999, “The Powerful Voice of the Outsider.”

426 As long ago as 1978: See The Times, 2 February 1978, “Begin moves baffle Washington.”

426 “housing 16,000 Israeli families”: See Guardian, 30 November 1978, “Jewish plan to settle 16,000 families,” by Eric Silver.

426 the last Arab family: See The Times, 6 March 1980, “Last Arab forced out of Jewish quarter,” by Christopher Walker.

427 the Israeli authorities proceeded to seize land: See The Times, 19 March 1989, “100,000 Jews to live on seized Jerusalem land,” by Christopher Walker.

427 “past leaders of our movement”: See Guardian, 20 November 1990, “Arab land for Soviet Jews, says Shamir,” by Ian Black.

427 “these Israeli islands”: Benjamin Netanyahu in New York Times, reprinted in Jerusalem Post, 5 September 1993.

427 86.5 per cent of East Jerusalem: See Jerusalem File (The International Campaign for Jerusalem, PO Box 11592, London SE26 6WZ), February 1996, p. 5.

427 another 70,000 new housing units: See Jerusalem File, November 1996, p. 2.

427 with 3,546 houses: See Jerusalem File, May 1997, p. 6.

427 the sale of land for 5,000 new Jewish homes: See Associated Press report from Jerusalem, 4 February 1997—which refers to the occupied territories as “disputed lands”—and the Independent, 19 February 1997, “Jewish settlement rekindles danger of West Bank uprising,” by Patrick Cockburn.

427 was denounced as “disinformation”: See Independent, 28 February 1997, “Netanyahu accused over Jerusalem homes pledge,” by Patrick Cockburn.

428 Between the signing of the Oslo accord: Edward Said, Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo), 23–29 July 1998, “After the Final Acre.”

428 an additional 116,000 houses: See Jerusalem File, June 1999, p. 4.

428 ten times as fast: Peace Now press statement, 20 August 1999.

428–9 “we will not remove a settlement”: Agence France-Presse report from Jerusalem, 17 September 1999.

429 The final, damning statistics: Hirst, p. 24.

429 “The day after the second bloodbath”: See Independent , 22 August 1995, “Rabin says bus atrocity will not halt peace talks,” by Patrick Cockburn.

(n.) 429 “your challenge is not one of geographical turf”: Jerusalem Post, 2 November 2000, “Peace must be painstakingly rebuilt,” by John Hume.

430 “inflicted more punishment and pain”: Avi Shlaim, London Review of Books, 30 November 1995, “Overtaken by Events.”

430 “there is no moral problem”: See Independent, 24 January 1996, “Amir tells court he shot Rabin ‘for God,’ ” by Patrick Cockburn.

432 “The marriage is over”: see Independent, 5 June 1996.

433 the report that Amnesty International published: Amnesty International, Five Years After the Oslo Agreement: Human rights sacrificed for “security,” 9 September 1998.

(n.) 433 A Scottish pathologist confirmed . . . detainee called Youssef Baba: See International HeraldTribune, 2 May 1995, “Palestinian Prisoner Shaken to Death by Israelis, Doctor Says,” citing report in The New York Times by Joel Greenberg; The Nation, 27 September 1999, “Israel’s Torture Ban,” by Alexander Cockburn; Independent , 21 February 1997, “Torture deaths that shame Palestine: Horrific pictures show depravity of security force interrogators,” by Patrick Cockburn.

437 fired dozens of bullets into a car: See Independent, 21 July 2001, “Killing of baby by Jewish vigilantes ignites rural town,” by Phil Reeves.

438 When the Ross delegation came to Jerusalem: See Ha’aretz, 15 July 1993, citing Shahak, Open Secrets, p. 130.

(n.) 439 This “threat” was thrown into doubt: See International Herald Tribune, 12 May 1997, “General Dayan Speaks from the Grave,” by Serge Schmemann, originally published in The New York Times.

441 “Everything was pre-planned”: See Jerusalem Post, 2 November 2000, “Sharon says his Temple Mount visit was an excuse for violence,” by Greer Fay Cashman.

443 “Child Sacrifice Is Palestinian Paganism”: Jerusalem Post, 27 October 2000, article by Gerald M. Steinberg.

(n.) 448 “One gets the impression”: See Ha’aretz, 8 November 2000, “Mofaz: al-Dura probe was initiated by Southern Command,” by Anat Cygielman.

451 “All I possess in the presence of death”: “Pride and Fury” by Mahmoud Darwish, translated by Mouna Khouri and Hamid Algar in New Writing from the Middle East (ed. Leo Hamalian and John Yohannan) (New York: Mentor, 1978), pp. 67–8.

451 “It’s not just ‘the dark night of the soul’ when you have the resurgence”: interview with Hanan Ashrawi, Ramallah, 7 November 2000.

452 In the first month of the new intifada: Amnesty International, Israel and the Occupied Territories: Excessive use of lethal force, 19 October 2000.

Chapter Thirteen: The Girl and the Child and Love

453 “She and the other women”: Interview with Amira Hass, Jerusalem, 18 August 2001.

457 “A Polish prisoner warned him”: Interview with Shifra Stern, New York, 29 April 1997.

460 But I wrote an article: Independent, 28 July 1998.

460 “I thought it may be good”: Letter to author from Nezar Hindawi, 2 December 1998.

461 “another nation may take retribution”: See Independent , 25 January 1999, obituary of Sir William Mars-Jones.

462 “That man is pure unadulterated evil”: See Evening Herald , Dublin, 14 October 2004, interview by Sarah Glynn, “Let My Evil Ex Lover Rot in Jail.”

464 “First they killed the bodyguard”: Interview with Jihad al-Wazzir, Gaza, 12 April 2001.

(n.) 466 two of four Palestinian bus hijackers: See The Times, 5 May 1984, “Palestinian deaths after bus hijack ‘a mishap,’ ” by Lynne Richardson; re-examination of dozens of cases: see Independent , 25 June 1991, “Hit squads omission fuels rights inquiries,” by Michael Sheridan; “Jewish religious law”: see Daily Star (Beirut), quoting agency reports, “Chief rabbi blesses ‘targeted killings’”; “immoral and illegal practice”: Independent , 4 June 1992, “Israeli army tactics ‘immoral’,” by Sarah Helm; 120 Palestinians had been killed: Guardian, 30 June 1993, “Israeli covert units ordered to shoot to kill, says report,” by Derek Brown; even President Mubarak of Egypt: Egyptian Gazette, 9 October 1997, “Moubarak denounces Israeli assassination attempt as ‘immoral’”; Israel had already been shocked: Associated Press report from Jerusalem, 21 August 1995, by Diana Cahn; Arab murdered by a Jewish “terrorist”: Agence France-Presse report from Jerusalem, 19 May 1998.

468 “Jerusalem looks like a Bosnia”: Ha’aretz, 2 August 2001.

469 It praises Sharon’s “subtlety” because: Wall Street Journal, 2 August 2001.

(n.) 470 “these people who were shot”: Interview with Bassam Abu Sharif, Ramallah, 8 August 2001.

474 “What should the residents”: Ha’aretz, 12 August 2001.

477 “There are qualities”: Sayed Hassan Nasrallah, interviewed by the author, Beirut to Bosnia: Muslims and the West, a Personal Journey by Robert Fisk of The Independent, dir. Michael Dutfield (Baraclough Carey/Chameleon), 1993, Episode 1, “The Martyr’s Smile.”

(n.) 478 “as an Israeli”: Hass interview, 18 August 2001.

(n.) 479 The most shameful explanation: See International Herald Tribune , 1 April 2002, “Suicide Bombers Threaten Us All,” by Thomas L. Friedman, reprinted from New York Times.

(n.) 479 “we have been disturbed to find”: The Friend (London), 26 July 2002, also quoting Amnesty report from Gaza.

489 Some of Israel’s “targeted killing”: Vanity Fair, January 2003, “Israel’s Payback Principle,” by David Margolick.

489 “there is no language known”: Mail on Sunday (London), 23 September 2001, “You know the problem, now hear the facts,” by Stewart Steven.

489 “culture that glorifies depravity”: Irish Times, 6 October 2003, “Palestinian regime’s murky terror links,” by Mark Steyn.

490 called for the execution of family members: See Forward, 7 June 2002, “Top Lawyer Urges Death For Families of Bombers,” by Ami Eden.

(n.) 490 “it is likely the misfortune”: John Feffer, North Korea, South Korea: U.S. Policy at a Time of Crisis (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003), pp. 20–1.

496 “there were indeed wide-scale, ugly phenomena”: See Ha’aretz, 20 April 2002, “IDF admits ‘ugly vandalism’ against Palestinian property,” by Amos Harel, Ha’aretz military correspondent.

(n.) 496 Amnesty International’s statistics: 4 November 2002, Israel and the Occupied Territories, Shielded from Scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus.

497 “apparently hundreds”: See Los Angeles Times, 13 April 2002, “Controversy over Israeli Plan to Bury Camp Dead,” by Richard Boudreaux.

498 their own meticulous investigation: Independent Review, 25 April 2002, “Once upon a time in Jenin,” by Justin Huggler and Phil Reeves.

499 “Okay, so there wasn’t a massacre.”: Ha’aretz Magazine , 26 April 2002, “The power of the word,” by Arie Caspi.

499–500 Major Avner Foxman, said of the Adora killings: National Post, 29 April 2002, “Now I know what is a massacre,” by Stewart Bell.

500 “Israel needs to deliver a military blow”: See Friedman, International Herald Tribune, 1 April 2002, “Suicide Bombers Threaten Us All.”

506 who gave the order for the expulsion: See Daily Telegraph (London), 28 August 1995, “Peace process fails to obscure Rabin’s past,” by Michael Adams.

506 “We walked outside”: See Journal of Palestine Studies , Summer 1980, pp. 96–118, “The Palestinian Exodus,” by Steven Glazer, citing a portion of Rabin’s memoirs which was censored in the official edition but published in the New York Times, 23 October 1979.

507 bore “personal responsibility”: The Commission of Enquiry into the Events at the Refugee Camps in Beirut 1983, Final Report (Authorized Translation) by Yitzhak Kahan, Aharon Barak, and Yona Efrat, p. 105.

507 So fearful were the Israeli authorities: See Independent, 27 July 2001, “Israel tells officials to avoid threat of arrest in Europe,” by Phil Reeves.

507 Belgian judges: Plainte avec Constitution de Partie Civile, Brussels, 18 June 2001, testimony of 52 pages on the murders, rapes, disappearances and other crimes committed in the Sabra and Chatila camps in Beirut on 16th, 17th and 18th September, 1982, signed by Chibli Mallat, Luc Walleyn and Michaël Verhaeghe; see also Ha’aretz Magazine, 10 August 2001, “A Lawsuit Sprouts in Brussels,” by Sara Leibovich-Dar, although this article erroneously claims that the author of this book had joined the plaintiffs in their suit.

507 described the Palestinians as a “cancerous manifestation”: see open letter from Israeli academics, 23 September 2002, on http://www.middleeast.org.

507 “chopping off limbs”: Playboy magazine, May 1995, “General Ariel Sharon,” interview with Ranan R. Lurie.

(n.) 507 Yaron was in Washington: Ha’aretz, 8 January 2003, “In Washington, Israel makes its case for massive U.S. aid,” by Moti Bassok.

508 “we stand together with you”: Cited by James Zogby, president of the Arab American Institute, 19 April 1999 on http://www.aaiusa.org/wwatch_archives/041999.htm.

508 “Sharon’s racist imagination”: Ma’ariv, 12 April 1999, “Birds of a feather (or: The starling and the raven),” by Uri Avnery.

(n.) 508 The principal Allied excuses: See Martin Gilbert, Auschwitz and the Allies: How the allies responded to the news of Hitler’s Final Solution (London: Michael Joseph, 1981), pp. 299–323; also Gilbert’s Winston S. Churchill, vol. VII, Road to Victory, 1941–1945 (London: Heinemann, 1986), pp. 846–7, for Churchill’s reaction to bombing proposals.

509 Prominent American Jewish leaders: Forward, 10 May 2002, “Lobbyists Urge Bush to Ease Up on Sharon—Elie Wiesel: ‘Trust Him,’ ” by Ami Eden.

509 Only a month earlier, the Americans rolled out: Independent on Sunday , 7 April 2002.

(n.) 509 “. . . there is something to the question”: Ha’aretz , 5 April 1999, “Neither Auschwitz nor 1948,” by Dan Margalit.

510 “fighting for the spoils”: Ha’aretz, 5 May 2002.

510 Amid what the Palestinian writer Jean Makdisi: See Daily Star, Beirut, “Jean Makdisi: Our strength lies in the simplicity of truth,” by Marianne Stigset.

510 “if our job is to seize”: Ha’aretz article by Haim Hanebi, cited in Courrier International, no. 589, 14–20 February 2002.

510 trapped and desperate Jews of the Warsaw ghetto: One of the most harrowing accounts of the ghetto rising can be found in Gilbert’s The Holocaust , pp. 557–67.

510–11 B’Tselem estimated that between 1987 and May 2003: B’Tselem, http://www.btselem.org/English/Statistics/

511 By 1993, 232 Palestinian children: B’Tselem, The Killing of Palestinian Children and the Open-Fire Regulations, June 1993.

511 In one of its most shocking reports: Amnesty International, 1 October 2002.

(n.) 511 Yet just over two years later: Independent on Sunday, 31 October 2004, “A critical friend is not an enemy,” by Michael Williams. Readers requiring details of other human rights abuses should consult B’Tselem’s voluminous and detailed reports, including The Closure of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: Human Rights Violations Against Residents of the OccupiedTerritories, April 1993;House Demolition During Operations Against Wanted Persons, May 1993; Deportation of Palestinians from the Occupied Territories and the Mass Deportation of December 1992 , June 1993; Firing at Vehicles by the Security Forces in the Occupied Territories, February 1994. Amnesty International’s Israel and the Occupied Territories, Demolition and Dispossession: The destruction of Palestinian homes, December 1999, is also essential reading. For Israeli army mistreatment of Palestinian civilians, see also the work of former Israeli soldier James Ron, now Assistant Professor of Sociology at Johns Hopkins, especially “Rabin’s Two Legacies,” published in al-Mustaqbal al-Arabi(Beirut), 1996, shortened version in Index on Censorship (London), September 1996.

512 “I was at that time reading a terrible book”: L’Express, 27 December 2001, “C’est comme vous en Algérie, mais nous, nous resterons,” interview with Ariel Sharon by Alain Louyot. The book Sharon was referring to was, of course, Alistair Horne’s A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.

Chapter Fourteen: “Anything to Wipe Out a Devil . . .”

(n.) 515 Theories abound on the origin: Horne, A Savage War of Peace , p. 30n.

516 A magnificent photograph: See Archives de l’Algérie, pp. 28–9.

517 “Soldiers, civilised nations”: See Galibert, Algérie , p. 172.

518 its troops had asphyxiated 500: Ibid., p. 30.

518 “The country is without commerce”: le Baron Baude, Conseiller d’Etat, ex-Commissaire du Roi en Afrique, L’Algérie (Paris, 1841), cited in The Dublin Review, August 1842, p. 32.

518 “On December 24th 1832”: Galibert, pp. 554–6.

518 “Wherever there is fresh water”: Cited in Horne, p. 30.

519 “Despite the [1914] victory of the Marne”: Octave Depont, L’Algérie du Centenaire: l’oeuvre française de libération, de conquête morale et d’évolution sociale des indigènes. Les Berbères en France. La représentation parlementaire des indigènes (Paris: Recueil Sirey, 1930), p. 113.

519 “There’s no doubt that to give everyone”: Ibid., p. 186.

521 published a 320-page guide: La France en guerre d’Algérie .

521 Amnesty International demanded an investigation: Amnesty International, France/Algeria: France must now face up to its judicial obligations , 3 May 2001.

521 “a cowardly silence”: Rachid Mokhtari in Le Matin (Algiers), cited in Courrier International, 10–15 May 2001.

521 “Middle Eastern Islamic fanaticism”: See Daily Star (Beirut), 27 March 2004, “The public relations war: Algeria, France and imperial America,” by Arun Kapil.

523 “we really contaminated the Algerians”: L’Express, 14–20 March 2002, p. 105, interview with Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer.

527 “They will not talk about the future”: interview with Hassan Tourabi, Khartoum, 1 December 1993.

546 “we watched the bitter struggle”: See Jerusalem Post , 5 December 1995, “Rabin always calm, obstinate, in control of the facts,” by Chaim Herzog.

547 vile dossier of decapitated corpses: La barbarie du terrorisme: Victimes civiles de la barbarieterroriste catégories socio-professionelles touchées 1990–1994, Algiers 1994.

548 FIS front organisation publishes: The Atrocities in Algeria: A Photographic Testimony, 1994, published by “Human Services,” PO Box 198, Southall, Middlesex UB1 3PR, UK.

(n.) 552 By 1995, the Algerian government: Livre Blanc du Terrorisme en Algérie, Ministère de l’Intérieur, des Collectives Locales de l’Environnement et de la Réforme Administrative, Algiers 1995.

553 “In the back of the restaurant”: See Irish Times, 2 May 1998, “Killed for a column,” by Lara Marlowe. The translation of Mekbel’s last column below the chapter-head was also by Marlowe.

558 So much for conciliation: For the full interview with Meziane-Cherif, see Independent on Sunday, 12 March 1995, “Whatever you do, just don’t mention torture to the genial ‘eradicator,’ ” by Robert Fisk.

(n.) 559 “Because Islam is the religion of the Book”: Index on Censorship (London), May/June 1994, pp. 112–16, “Goodbye to the Enlightenment,” by Karim Alrawi.

565 Fatima’s crime had been her beauty: See El Watan (Algiers), 14 March 1995, “Des femmes atrocement assassinées,” by Slima Tlemcani; see also Liberté (Algiers), 14 March 1995, “Une Fille et trois femmes assassinées en 48 heures: Egorgée devant l’Ecole,” by Ilham Djanine.

575 “I was moved to Cavignac police station”: Interview with Dalilah (full name known to author), Archway, London, 15 October 1997.

577 “They gave us vaccinations”: Interview with Reda (full name known to author), Knightsbridge, London, 14 October 1997.

579 he watched suspected “Islamists” interrogated: Interview with Abdessalam (full name known to author), Knightsbridge, London, 14 October 1997.

579 “in most cases, joined the terrorist bands”: Letter from Ahmed Benyamina, Algerian ambassador in London, to The Independent, 1 November 1997.

579 “there is no credible, substantive evidence”: Foreign and Commonwealth Office Policy Statement on Algeria, May 1998.

580 forcibly returned him to Algeria: See Independent, 10 May 1997, “Refugee sent back home to his death,” by Patricia Wynn Davies.

580 When Mary Robinson: See Independent, 10 December 1996.

580 It produced a report that might have been written: UN, Report of the panel appointed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to gather information on the situation in Algeria in order to provide the international community with greater clarity on that situation, 16 September 1998.

580 When Amnesty International condemned: Amnesty, 16 September 1998, Algeria: UN Panel report a whitewash on human rights.

580 An earlier European Union mission: See Irish Times, 21 January 1998, “EU troika ‘treads softly’ and avoids embarrassing its hosts,” by Lara Marlowe.

580 “to stop condemning Algeria from afar”: See Irish Times , 5 January 1998, “Hand-wringing by EU over Algerian massacres will no longer be enough,” by Lara Marlowe.

(n.) 580 The Belgian authorities deported: See Independent, 10 December 1996; see also The Enlightenment: The Algerian Community in London , vol. 5, no. 31, 2 August 1996, “Communiqué on the murder by torture of a FIS member deported from Belgium to Algeria.”

581 “defend the regime by denying”: Abdelhamid Brahimi, “Algeria’s Tragedy: The Necessity for a Peaceful Commitment,” address to the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Irish Parliament, Dublin, 8 April 1998.

581 Although Algeria . . . sent $20 million in arms: See The Times, 17 January 1983, “Algeria gave PLO $20m for arms to fight Israel,” by Christopher Mosey.

581 During the Cuban missile crisis: Interview with Algerian foreign minister Lakhdar Brahimi, Algiers, 23 March 1992.

582 “the violence appears to have generated”: Washington Post, 13 June 1997, “A Ray of Hope in Bloody Algeria: Atrocities Turning the Public Against Islamic Terrorists,” by John Lancaster.

582 “now that the White House has decided”: Agence France-Presse report from Algiers, cited in Le Monde, 14 March 1998.

582 “It’s not impossible”: Interview with General Mohamed Lamari by the Algerian Press Service, 28 October 1997.

582 “to compare a rape in a police station”: Quoted in Le Monde, 20 March 1998, “Des intellectuels français dénoncent les violations des droits de l’homme en Algérie.”

582 recent research suggests: See Aggoun and Rivoire, Francealgérie .

(n.) 582 misuse of my articles in The Independent: Letter to author from Mary Mourra Ramadan, lawyer for Anwar Haddam, “president of FIS parliamentary delegation abroad,” including U.S. Department of Justice Executive Office of Immigration Review, Office of the Immigration Judge, Arlington, Virginia, Comprehensive Submission of Government’s Exhibits and Witness List, File No. A22 751 813 of 3 February 1997.

583 Algerian security forces were implicated: See Le Monde, 7–8 June 1998, “La sécurité algérienne pourrait être impliquée dans le drame de Tibehirine,” by Henri Tincq.

583 But international human rights groups: See Human Rights Watch, vol. 10, no. 1, February 1998, “Neither Among the Living nor the Dead: State-sponsored ‘Disappearances’ in Algeria”; also Amnesty International, 3 March 1999, Algeria: “Disappearances”: The wall of silence begins to crumble.

584 Nezzar left France when: See Le Monde, 28 April 2001, “Le départ précipité du général Nezzar provoque les protestations des défenseurs des droits de l’homme,” by Florence Beauge.

584 He wanted Algerians to forget: See Irish Times, 18 September 1999, whose correspondent Lara Marlowe cynically—and accurately—reported that “optimistic economists believe the generals have now accumulated enough sports cars and Paris apartments to be willing to share Algeria’s wealth with its people.”

584 Amnesty International appealed: Amnesty International, 30 July 2004, “Algeria: Newly discovered mass grave must be fully investigated.”

Chapter Fifteen: Planet Damnation

589 “a rough, direct-talking leader”: Richard Murphy interview, International Herald Tribune, 29 July 1990.

589 “promised not to use force”: See Independent, 21 March 1991, “U.S. warned Iraq against invasion,” by Rupert Cornwell.

(n.) 590 “Most Arabs are convinced”: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 3 October 1990, PoliticalDimensions of the Gulf Crisis, by Robert Mabro, p. 13.

595 “Sensitive areas”: See A Soldier’s Guide: Saudi Arabia (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army, Chief of Public Affairs, Command Information Division, 1990), p. 29.

596 “sense of distress”: Associated Press, 26 October 1990, “Pentagon Lists Taboo Subjects for Troops in Saudi Arabia,” by Ruth Sinai.

596 thanks to the 1988 $23 billion Al-Yamamah arms contract: see Guardian , 13 March 1992, “Report on Saudi arms deal suppressed,” by David Hencke and Richard Norton Taylor.

598 “powerful battle force”: Brig. Gen. James M. Lyle, Winning in the Desert II (Leavenworth, Kans.: Fort Leavenworth Media Support Center, September 1990).

609 “her nuclear weapons”: Sunday Telegraph, 2 December 1990, “When war-war is better than ‘just war’ jaw,” by Edward Norman.

611 The one thing he regretted: See Independent on Sunday Magazine, 18 February 1996, “How We Met: Matthew Symonds and Andreas Whittam Smith,” interviews by Isabel Wolff.

611 “This news put me”: De la Billière, Storm Command , p. 181.

(n.) 611 The computer was returned: See Independent, 26 June 1991, “Gulf war plans returned by a ‘patriotic thief,’ ” by Tim Kelsey.

612 “Why did you not fulfil”: Saudi Press Agency, 15 January 1991, “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques in reply to the message of Saddam Hussein.”

616 “I have already issued the terrible orders”: Schwarzkopf, It Doesn’t Take a Hero, p. 412.

622 “Thursday morning was one of those moments”: Philadelphia Inquirer “pool” dispatch from USS John F. Kennedy, 17 January 1991 (“Combat Pool Three,” navy carrier, ref RUFRSGG7170).

624 “except for the 100 hours of Desert Storm”: See Washington Post, 5 November 1997 (Hoagland article) and Washington Post, 6 November 1997 (Cohen article), cited in Middle East Report (Washington, D.C.), Fall 1998, no. 208: 35, “Short-Circuiting the Media-Policy Machine,” by Sam Husseini.

628 they destroyed a river bridge crowded with pedestrians: See Independent , 8 February 1991, “Allied raid on bridge kills 47 civilians,” by Patrick Cockburn; Guardian, 18 February 1991, “Death comes to a town almost forgotten by war,” by Alfonso Rojo.

(n.) 629 “The bomb, called a GBU-28”: Reuters, 4 July 1991.

632 Chinese would complain: Agence France-Presse, quoted in International Herald Tribune, 14 June 1996, “Everest Pollution Laid to Gulf War.”

(n.) 637 Arabs spent $84 billion: Arab economic report for 1992, prepared by the Arab League, the Arab Monetary Fund, the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development and the Organisation of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries; bin Sultan, Desert Warrior, pp. 292–3; see Middle East Reporter (Beirut), 12 September 1992, p. 17; see also Financial Times, 2 August 1991, “Arab countries still owe $7 billion for Gulf war costs,” by Peter Riddell.

638 “began to devise a plan”: de la Billière, p. 222.

(n.) 640 “I was stepping on bodies”: Associated Press report from Baghdad, 21 March 1991.

(n.) 640 The most thorough investigation: New Yorker, 22 May 2000, pp. 48–82, “Overwhelming Force: What happened in the final days of the Gulf War?,” by Seymour M. Hersh.

643 Some people, Hurd said: Hurd interview in The Times (London), 2 August 1991.

Chapter Sixteen: Betrayal

646 “Rise to save the homeland”: See Middle East Reporter (Beirut), 25 February 1991, p. 4, “Iraqis Urged to Revolt, Save Country from Dictatorship, War.”

647 the Iraqis had tried to jam: See Middle East Reporter (Beirut), 4 January 1991, “Anti-Saddam Radio Believed Jammed.”

647 “the allies to liberate Iraq”: Interview with Haidar al-Assadi, Beirut, 3 May 1998.

649 Iraqi dead at up to 150,000: Middle East Reporter (Beirut), 1 March 1991.

649 had claimed that 26,000 Iraqis: Jumhouri-y Islami (Tehran), 19 February 1991, cited by Dilip Hiro in letter to The Independent, 8 February 1992.

649 When a Pentagon source: Newsday, 12 September 1991, cited by Hiro, as above.

650 dropped nearly as many tons: International Herald Tribune, 10 July 1996, quoting New York Times article by Tim Weiner, “Smart Arms in Gulf War Are Found Overrated.”

650 “35—almost one-quarter”: Associated Press report from Washington, 13 August 1991, “Gulf Friendly Fire Casualties Rise,” by Susanne M. Chafer.

650 The independent U.S. General Accounting Office: See International Herald Tribune, 10 July 1996, op. cit.

650 In fact, as Seymour Hersh: New Yorker, 26 September 1994, pp. 86–99, “Missile Wars,” by Seymour Hersh, esp. p. 92.

(n.) 650 Timothy McVeigh, a promising young soldier: Reuters report in Irish Times, 3 June 1997.

652 All of this I duly reported: See Independent, 27 March 1991.

(n.) 652 Other testimony to Kuwaiti persecution: See, for example, Libération, 20 March 1991, “La grande peur des Palestiniens du Kuweit,” by Jean Michel Thénard.

657 The refugees who now streamed: See Guardian, 14 March 1991, “Rebels ‘hanged from tank gun barrels’ by Saddam’s men,” by Sharif Imam-Jomeh (Reuters) and Nora Boustany (Washington Post).

658 “Better the Saddam Hussein”: Guardian, 13 March 1991, “Britain and U.S. part over Iraqi rebels,” by Hella Pick.

661 would be compared to the Soviet demands: See, for example, Independent , 28 March 1991, “Fiddling while Basra burns,” by Godfrey Hodgson.

663 “What’s the better option”: International Herald Tribune , 23 March 1991, quoting Washington Post report by Dan Balz and Al Kamen, “U.S. Fears of a Divided Iraq Muddle Policy on Hussein.”

664 “to harvest them, the wheat with the chaff”: Guardian , 27 March 1991, quoting WashingtonPost report by Nora Boustany, “Republican Guard reaps harvest of death.”

664 “consigned the Iraqi insurgents”: Independent, 28 March 1991, “White House leaves Iraqi rebels to their fate,” by Edward Lucas, quoting The New York Times.

665 “the mightiest military machine”: Independent, 2 April 1991.

665 “the logic of intervention”: New York Times, 31 March 1991.

665 “there would be, downtown Baghdad”: International Herald Tribune, 16 January 1991, quoting Los Angeles Times report by James Gertstenzang, “Bush’s Gulf War Regrets: ‘Could Have Done More’ Against Saddam.” The Bush interviews were broadcast on PBS in January 1996.

666 “It was almost a healing process”: Associated Press report, Washington, 2 August 1991.

666 “is betting that Americans”: Associated Press report, Houston, 8 April 1991.

680 “Hard to imagine the quality”: Note to the author from Larry Heinzerling, 5 March 1991.

(n.) 681 the object of an unnecessary controversy: See Makiya, Cruelty and Silence; also review by Mouin Rabbani in Middle East Report, March–June 1993; review by Eqbal Ahmad in The Nation, 9–16 August 1993; Makiya’s response to Ahmad in The Nation, 8 November 1993; review by As’ad Abu Khalil in Middle East Journal, Autumn 1993; The Independent, 27 May 1991 (containing the author’s original report from Dahuk), and The Independent, 13 September 1994, “Showering Platitudes on Islam’s Suffering Women,” by Robert Fisk; typical of the mis-sourcing of the reports was a letter to the author from Mouin Rabbani, 13 November 1994, referring to the 13 September 1994 Independent article which mentioned “raping rooms,” and claiming inaccurately: “I believe I am right in stating that it [Makiya’s book] is the source of your . . . statement.”

686 Some would say that 200,000 died: See, for example, statement by the Islamic Union for Iraqi Students and Youth (London), 1992, “Saddam Launches Ruthless Campaign to Wipe Out Marsh Arabs,” which refers to the crushed uprising as “a betrayal that will be forever engraved on the minds of Iraqi civilians.”

Chapter Seventeen: The Land of Graves

701 the return of Kuwaiti civilian prisoners: Schwarzkopf, Autobiography , p. 485.

701 “We settled for”: Ibid., pp. 485, 488.

703 A Harvard team of lawyers: Public Health in Iraq After the Gulf War, Harvard Study Team report, May 1991.

706 “Big picture”: Washington Post, 23 June 1991.

706 “With no domestic sources”: Iraq Water Treatment Vulnerabilities, U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, 22 January 1991, cited in The Progressive , September 2001.

707 the Tigris River had changed colour: Independent, 25 April 1998, “Poisoned Tigris spreads tide of death in Iraq.”

(n.) 707 The evidence of massive human suffering: UN Humanitarian Panel’s Report on Sanctions, 30 March 1999; “if the substantial reduction”: UNICEF Iraq, Child and Maternal MortalitySurveys, Executive Summary, August 1999.

708 A mere glance at the list: Simons, Scourging of Iraq, p. 118, table 3.1.

708 just before Christmas 1999: Guardian, 4 March 2000.

708 167 Iraqi children were dying: Toronto Star, 25 June 2000.

(n.) 708 For example, the Iraqi: K. M. Al-Chalabi, “Spinal Cord,” Journal of the International Spinal Cord Society, 2004, pp. 447–9.

709 “The World Health Organisation”: From a speech by Dennis Halliday on Capitol Hill, Washington, 6 October 1998.

709 “here we are”: Guardian, 2 August 2000.

709 “We know that”: Letter from Arvin Sumoondur of the Foreign Office’s Middle East Department to Dr. Stephen Goldby, 19 October 2000.

Chapter Eighteen: The Plague

718 RAF pilots flying out of: See John Pilger, “The Cost of Conflict,” in The Saddam Hussein Reader: Selections from Leading Writers on Iraq (ed. Turi Munthe) (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2002), pp. 363–4, citing a study by Dr. Eric Herring, Iraqi sanctions specialist at Bristol University, UK, and the Washington Post, October 2002.

721 “I can honestly say”: Ha’aretz, 28 September 1998.

724 “UNSCOM directly facilitated”: Washington Post, 6 January 1999, report by Barton Gellman.

734 I still treasure a sarcastic letter: Lord Gilbert to the editor, the Independent, 30 May 1988.

740 “The Government is aware”: Letter from Ministry of Defence Secretary of State Doug Henderson, dated 22 December 1998, to Dr. Evan Harris, MP, answering a letter from his constituent, Dr. Mercy Heatley of Oxford.

(n.) 740 When I travelled to Bosnia: See the author’s reports in the Independent between 11 and 16 January 2001.

Chapter Nineteen: Now Thrive the Armourers . . .

769 expressing its confidence: see Financial Times, 29 July 1991, “Government licensed gas chemical sales.”

778 “individuals who do not come within the definition of civilians”: Article 50, paragraph 3, of the Geneva Conventions’ Protocol 1.

784 I made a formal request: Fisk letter to Lt. Col. Byars of U.S. Defense Department, Washington, 6 May 1997.

785 Thus did a U.S. marine missile: My detailed account of the missile attack on the ambulance, “Return to Sender,” was published in the Sunday Review of the Independent on Sunday, 18 May 1997.

(n.) 785 In the late 1970s: Independent, 24 June 1997, “A Rocket Is Returned to Sender.”

Chapter Twenty: Even to Kings, He Comes . . .

791 “we are not going to let”: George Bush in Beirut, 26 October 1983.

796 Dinner with the PLK: Author’s notes of dinner with King Hussein at the Royal Palace, Amman, 25 September 1993.

(n.) 801 A British diplomat: Author’s notes of conversation with Alan Urwick, British ambassador in Amman, 17 April 1983.

807 why Queen Noor wept: Speech given by Leith Shubeilath in Irbid, Jordan, 7 November 1995.

818 “I am your elder brother”: See Seale, Asad, p. 430.

820 For the Alawis: See ibid., p. 8.

822 Before the First World War: For a discussion of Arab demands on the Ottomans at this time, see especially Antonius, Arab Awakening, pp. 101–25, and Kamal Salibi, The ModernHistory of Lebanon (New York: Caravan, 1977), pp. 156–9.

823 “We had become like animals”: See Daily Star (Beirut), 14 December 1998, “When life was worth a radish,” by Carl Gibeily.

824 a heavily stained pamphlet: Antoine Yammine, Quatre ans de misère: Le Liban et la Syrie pendant la guerre (Cairo: Imprimerie Emin Hindi, 1922).

825 A French scholar: See Khoury, La France et l’Orient Arabe, pp. 68–71.

826 The scholar and historian: See Antonius, pp. 190–1.

Chapter Twenty-one: Why?

828 “Sana Sersawi speaks carefully”: This article was finally published in the Independent on 28 November 2001 under the headline “New evidence indicates Palestinians died hours after surviving camp massacres.”

834 “So it has come to this”: Independent, 12 September 2001, “The Wickedness and Awesome Cruelty of a Crushed and Humiliated People.”

(n.) 841 Arab elections: See Keysing’s Record of World Events, 1993 , pp. 39711, 40797; SANA (Damascus), 2 February 1999; AP, Algiers, 16 April 1999. See also Independent, 8 October 1999.

(n.) 846 “a treacherous and cowardly crime”: The Second Afghan War 1878–80, Appendix XII, pp. 656–7.

847 Wahhabism, the strict, pseudo-reformist: for a modern critique of Wahhabism, see Abu Khalil, Battle for Saudi Arabia, pp. 52–75.

848 In 1998, a Saudi student: Nawaf Obaid, Improving U.S. Intelligence Analysis on the Saudi Arabian Decision-Making Process, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1998, submitted to Ambassador Ronald Neumann, deputy assistant secretary for Near East affairs; see especially pp. 18–19, 21–25, 27, and 36.

848 The Saudis deployed 10,000 troops: See The Times, 5 December 1979, “Last of the Great Mosque rebels rooted out by Saudi forces”; also Guardian, 6 December 1979, “Saudis identify disfigured body of Muslim rebel who led siege in Grand Mosque,” by John Andrews.

849 sixty-three men were beheaded in public: See Le Monde, 20–21 November 1994, “Il y a quinze ans: La prise de la Grande Mosquée de La Mecque,” by Olivier Da Lage.

849 “timeless culture”: International Herald Tribune, 6 July 1994 (reprinted from the WashingtonPost), “Saudi Arabia’s Solid Foundations Assure a Durable Kingdom,” by Bandar ibn Sultan.

849 “to act with the grain”: Focus on Saudi Arabia (Jeddah), 23 September 1994, “My Sojourn,” by Sir Alun Munro, British ambassador to Saudi Arabia 1989–93.

849 Amnesty International appeals: See, for example, Amnesty’s Saudi Arabia: A Secret State of Sufering, 28 March 2000, and Saudi Arabia: A Justice System Without Justice, 10 May 2000.

(n.) 849 “Standing to the left”: Irish Times, 19 June 1997, “An Irishman at a beheading,” by Gary Keenan.

863 “The first time I arrived”: Rashid, Taliban, p. 56.

865 reporters found the mass grave: See especially Newsweek, 26 August 2002, “The Death Convoy of Afghanistan.”

875 “beaten up by a mob”: Mail on Sunday, 9 December 2001.

875 “if I was an Afghan refugee”: Independent, 10 December 2001.

875 “A self-loathing multiculturalist”: Wall Street Journal , 15 December 2001.

877 “how Muslims were coming to hate the West”: Film From Beirut to Bosnia, 1983, op. cit.

879 “impeccable English diction”: Joseph I. Ungar of “Primer,” Beyond Bias 1994.

879 “By airing Beirut to Bosnia”: Laibson to Hendriks, 16 June 1994.

879 to claim that we had edited an interview: Safian to Bunting, 9 June 1994.

879 “absurd and demonstrably wrong”: Dutfield to Tomi Landis, Discovery executive producer, 19 June 1994.

879 “given the reaction to the series”: Bunting to Chrissie Smith of Baraclough Carey Productions, 28 March 1995.

886 “in terms of equipment”: Los Angeles Times, 9 May 1986, “Strike a Success.”

886 “a piece of the action”: Washington Post, 16 April 1986.

886 “It was the greatest thrill”: Chicago Tribune, 16 April 1986, “Missing Jet Reportedly Fell in Sea.”

Chapter Twenty-two: The Die Is Cast

890 “where every day, fiction is spun”: International Herald Tribune, 4 October 2003, “When the Politicians Outdo the Artists,” by Frank Rich, reprinted from the New York Times.

898 according to eighteen of the prisoners: See International Herald Tribune, 27 March 2002, “Failure to communicate: 30 captive Afghans turn out to be U.S. allies,” by John Ward Anderson, reprinted from the Washington Post.

(n.) 899 between 3,000 and 3,400 civilians were killed in Afghanistan: Professor Marc W. Herold, A Dossier on Civilian Victims of United States Aerial Bombing of Afghanistan: A ComprehensiveAccounting (Revised), March 2002 (http://www.cursor.org/stories/civilian_deaths .htm); for specific reports in the American media, see, for example,International Herald Tribune, 2 July 2002, “Errant U.S. bomb said to kill scores” (drawing on AP and Reuters dispatches) on the Uruzgan wedding bombing and, more typically, International Herald Tribune, 11 February 2002, “Afghan toll of civilians is lost in the fog of war: Families demand a reckoning for hundreds killed,” by Barry Bearak, Eric Schmitt and Craig S. Smith, originally published in the New York Times.

(n.) 904 a remarkable account of al-Qaeda’s order of battle: Ahmed Zeidan Bin Laden Blaqna (Bin Laden Unmasked) (Beirut: World Book Publishing, 2003).

914 “We all knew it was a job we had to do”: Interview with Captain Ali Nasr, Port Said, Egypt, 22 October 1986.

915 “Hit, hit hard and hit now”: Scott Lucas, Divided We Stand, p. 142.

915 The Times led the way: Shaw, Eden, Suez and the Mass Media , p. 57, quoting The Times, 27 August 1956, “Escapers” Club.”

916 an attack on the right to speak out: Shaw, Eden, p. 58, quoting Manchester Guardian, 28 August 1956.

916 “Clark worked in unison with the Times”: Shaw, Eden, p. 59.

916 “The objection to the matter”: Ibid., quoting The Times , 1 September 1956, “Widening the Circle.”

916 “was born of a marriage”: Love, Suez, p. 433.

(n.) 916 According to Arye Biro: See Irish Times, 7 August 1995, “Egypt angry at admission of POW killings,” by David Horowitz; also L’Orient Le Jour (Beirut), 22 July 1995, “L’Armée Israelienne aurait abattu des prisonniers Egyptiens en 1956.”

917 “It was a nightmare”: Interview with Mustafa Kamal Murad, Cairo, 18 October 1986.

918 Several civilians were massacred: Love, Suez, p. 601.

919 He claimed then that the British: Interview with Mohamed Mahran Othman, Port Said, Egypt, 21 July 1997.

919 to treat his comrades for five more hours: NA AIR20/9577.

919 “malicious mentality”: NA AIR20/10369.

919 was to see bodies still unburied: Interview with Alex Eftyvoulos of Associated Press, Nicosia, 26 July 1997.

(n.) 919 “interrogation of Prisoners of War”: NA WO288/51; “We have not extended our enquiries”: NA WO32/16345.

921 “If we had allowed things to drift”: Love, Suez, p. 578.

931 It was written not for the United States: For full text, see http://www.israeleconomy.org/ strat1.htm

Chapter Twenty-three: Atomic Dog, Annihilator, Arsonist, Anthrax, Anguish and Agamemnon

949 “If Providence does not intrude”: Pat Buchanan; see http://amconmag.com/2002_10_7/after_the_war.htm

955 “Mosque attendance is rising”: Economist, 31 January 1998, “Iraq discovers religion: Battered by seven years of sanctions, Iraqis are turning to Islam. For his own reasons, Saddam is doing the same.”

(n.) 972 It concluded that while the killings: Reporters Without Borders, Two Murders and a Lie: An Investigation by Jean-Paul Mari, January 2004.

Chapter Twenty-four: Into the Wilderness

1,032 bin Laden appears to admit: A privately made videotape disclosed by the Pentagon, 13 December 2001.

1,032 Dream theories: See Iain R. Edgar’s “The Dream Will Tell: Militant Muslim Dreaming in the Context of Traditional and Contemporary Islamic Dream Theory and Practice,” published in Dreaming 14, no. 1, 2004.

(n.) 1,032 anti-Islamic tracts: see Dr. Grace Heney, “Distorted Images: Anti-Islamic Propaganda at the time of the expulsion of the Moriscos,” published in Images des Morisques dans La Littérature et les Arts (Zaghoun, Tunisia: Fondation Termini pour la Recherche Scientifique et l’Information, April 1999).

1,040 “It is true that we cannot”: Albert Camus, “Neither Victims nor Executioners” (New York: Liberation, 1960), p. 22. Camus’s essay was originally serialized in the French newspaper Combat in the autumn of 1946; the New York Liberation edition was subsequently reprinted by Ourside, Gloucestershire, 2005, in its original format.

(n.) 1,037 It was the Israeli newspaper: Ma’ariv, 14 February 2002.

1,040 “Justice itself tends”: T. S. Eliot writing on 28 January 1946 in the preface to The Dark Side of the Moon (London: Faber, 1946), p. 8.

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