Notes

Complete publication details for each reference are provided in the bibliography following the notes section.

Chapter 1. My God, We Are Ruined!

1. Walt Whitman strolled out: Whitman, Complete Prose, 1:28.

2. Nearby, a group of prominent businessmen: Dix, Memoirs, 2:9.

3. Civil War historian James McPherson argues: McPherson, Mighty Scourge, 3–19.

4. Even Whitman, whose vision of America: Kaplan, Walt Whitman, 336.

5. After a congressman pulled a pistol: Heidler and Heidler, Henry Clay, 469.

Chapter 2. City of Slavery

1. “The City of New York belongs”: Johnson, “Vast and Fiendish Plot,” 62.

2. But by the 1830s shipyards: Bunker, Harbor and Haven, 49–50.

3. In 1860 the port of New York: Albion, Rise of New York Port, 63–74.

4. As a natural corollary: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 443–46.

5. “the banking-house of the continent”: Browne, Great Metropolis, 40.

6. what’s now midtown: Cook, Armies of the Streets, 5–6.

7. One of the ironies: Lydon, “New York and the Slave Trade.”

8. Of the approximately 813,000 people: Hodges, Root and Branch, 280.

9. Cotton was the key: Yafa, Big Cotton, 78–86.

10. And yet the planters kept buying: Woodman, King Cotton and His Retainers, 135 and 3–43.

11. New York City also grabbed: Albion, Rise of New York Port, 101–4.

12. Some Southerners deplored: Woodman, King Cotton and His Retainers, 129–45.

13. Southerners didn’t let that stop them: Johnson, “Vast and Fiendish Plot,” 31–37.

14. the New York Day-Book: Perkins, “Defense of Slavery.”

15. “more than the value of land”: McPherson, Mighty Scourge, 1.

16. “the sympathy of the Government”: “The Execution of Gordon, the Slave-Trader,” Harper’s Weekly, February 21, 1862.

17. As the port of New York grew: Fehrenbacher, Slaveholding Republic, 202 and 174–89.

18. Up to 1861, 125 slave ship captains: Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon, 9.

Chapter 3. City of Confusion

1. Its primary targets: Tappan, Life of Arthur Tappan, 96.

2. abolitionists such as the Reverend Peter Williams Jr.: Hewitt, “Peter Williams, Jr.”

3. the young Horace Greeley: Greeley, Autobiography, 41–84.

4. When Hod was fifteen: Williams, Horace Greeley, 19.

5. The Collect Pond: Brown, Valentine’s Manual, 164–65.

6. what passed for milk: Cook, Armies of the Streets, 14–15.

7. Even the ferries: Brown, Valentine’s Manual, 148.

8. The summer after Greeley arrived: Wilford, “How Epidemics Helped Shape the Modern Metropolis.”

9. His friend P. T. Barnum: Williams, Horace Greeley, 60.

10. “the avowed rustic, the homely sage”: Rourke, Trumpets of Jubilee, 266.

11. The first half of the nineteenth century: Widmer, Young America, 11.

12. Benjamin Day, another young printer: O’Brien, Story of The Sun, 1–30.

13. On slavery he wrote: Parton, Life of Horace Greeley, 162–63.

14. Early minstrelsy: For a full discussion, see Lhamon, Raising Cain.

15. As the numbers of Irish Catholics: Goldfield, America Aflame, 24–26.

16. Chatham Gardens Theatre: Henderson, The City and the Theatre, 56–57.

17. While the abolitionists were meeting there: Tappan, Life of Arthur Tappan, 169–71.

Chapter 4. The Great Riot Year

1. the Great Riot Year: Prince, “The Great ‘Riot Year.’”

2. The Tappans were again at the focal point: Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan, 115–63.

3. a young associate of the Tappans named David Ruggles: Hodges, David Ruggles.

4. Traditionally, municipal politics: Mushkat, Tammany, 1–7.

5. Tammany might never have developed: Allen, Tiger, 1–50.

6. Tammany toughs shoved their way: Headley, Great Riots of New York, 71.

7. Greeley would remember him: Greeley, Autobiography, 312.

8. A thirty-year-old delegate: Borchard, Abraham Lincoln and Horace Greeley, 18.

9. Greeley was disconsolate: Williams, Horace Greeley, 45–50.

Chapter 5. The War of the Pennies

1. launched by James Gordon Bennett: Seitz, The James Gordon Bennetts, 15–27.

2. In 1836, Bennett wrote: O’Brien, Story of The Sun, 61–62.

3. “gentlemen were in the almost daily habit”: Barnum, Struggles and Triumphs, 669.

4. Being a former reporter himself: Seitz, The James Gordon Bennetts, 59–78.

5. Greeley made the Tribune a platform: Williams, Horace Greeley, 56–124.

6. “filth, squalor, rags”: Greeley, Autobiography, 145.

7. One evening in June 1844: Seager, And Tyler Too, 1–47.

8. when Polk welcomed Texas: Williams, Horace Greeley, 105–10.

9. He sent himself: Borchard, Abraham Lincoln and Horace Greeley, 8–35.

10. In September 1851: Berger, Story of The New York Times, 2–17.

Chapter 6. Immigrants and Know-Nothings

1. The crush of new Irish Catholics: Morris, American Catholic.

2. Called “guttersnipes”: Gilfoyle, “Street-Rats and Gutter-Snipes.”

3. 57 exactly the opposite happened: Man, “Labor Competition and the New York Draft Riots of 1863.”

4. In 1844 the nativist American Republican Party: Bennett, Party of Fear, 105–12.

5. first great champion, Bishop John Hughes: Hassard, Reverend John Hughes, 9–206.

6. Even while defending his flock: Stern, “How Dagger John Saved New York’s Irish.”

7. Bishop Hughes reflected the interests: Andrews, “Slavery Views of a Northern Prelate.”

8. recent convert, James Alphonsus McMaster: Kwitchen, James Alphonsus McMaster, 1–71.

9. the personages of Thomas Francis Meagher: Wylie, Irish General, 11–97.

10. Judge Charles Patrick Daly, and his sharp-tongued wife: Hammond, Commoners’ Judge, 15–142.

11. “big words and small deeds”: Hassard, Reverend John Hughes, 304.

12. John Mitchel settled in Brooklyn: McGovern, John Mitchel, 131.

13. Meagher stood by his outrageous friend: Wylie, Irish General, 95–96.

Chapter 7. A Trio of Tammany Rogues

1. Fernando Wood was born: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 1–26.

2. Daniel Edgar Sickles was so gossiped and argued about: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 75–85.

3. Finally George found a setting: Acocella, “Nights at the Opera.”

4. In many ways this cultured old reprobate: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 77–81.

5. when Fanny learned of it: Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 5.

6. The council was comprised of: Werner, Tammany Hall, 108.

7. a crooked tradition had been set: Brummer, Political History of New York State, 36–38.

8. William M. Tweed first learned: Hershkowitz, Tweed’s New York, 4–14.

9. Fire was a constant danger: Costello, Our Firemen, 15–39 and 161–76.

10. an immigrant boy named Tommy Nast: Halloran, Thomas Nast, 1–40.

11. Tweed got into politics: Hershkowitz, Tweed’s New York, 35–69.

Chapter 8. Lurching Toward the Precipice

1. “the Whig party is not merely discomfited”: Stoddard, Horace Greeley, 149.

2. “The whole process”: Hibben, Henry Ward Beecher, 102.

3. “a thickness of speech”: Beecher and Scoville, Biography of Henry Ward Beecher, 95.

4. Henry was a student at Lane: Applegate, Most Famous Man in America, 104–18.

5. “His personal appearance”: “The Brooklyn Pulpit—No. 1,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, May 10, 1848.

6. Sinclair Lewis would call him: Hibben, Henry Ward Beecher, vii.

7. Mark Twain, who caught a Plymouth service: Applegate, Most Famous Man in America, 372.

8. The Fugitive Blacksmith: Bland, African American Slave Narratives, 2:575.

9. Henry’s sister Harriet: Stowe, The Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 324.

10. The abolitionists’ annual meeting: Sherwin, Prophet of Liberty, 211.

11. “drunkards, thieves, gamblers, and ruffians”: “The Empire Club Chief,” New York Times, January 14, 1885.

12. “any number of soap-lock”: “Picture of a Short-Boy,” New York Times, September 14, 1854.

13. Frederick Douglass spoke next: Wilson, Specters of Democracy, 28.

14. Walt Whitman wrote a brief piece: Holloway, Uncollected Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman, 1:235.

15. Rynders’s gang turned up: “The Anniversaries,” New York Tribune, May 9, 1850.

16. Beecher hastily talked: Applegate, Most Famous Man in America, 253.

17. Then his sister Harriet upstaged him: Ibid., 262–63.

18. a new Stephen Foster song: Emerson, Doo-dah!, 17–23.

19. Horace Greeley got himself so worked up: Williams, Horace Greeley, 156–59.

20. At a banquet, Colonel Davis: “The Great Exhibition,” New York Times, July 16, 1853.

21. Barnum blamed the location: Barnum, Life of P. T. Barnum, 386.

Chapter 9. Riot and Outrage

1. the smooth-talking Fernando Wood: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 26–30.

2. Jacob Westervelt, one of the city’s: “Death of an Ex-Mayor,” New York Times, February 22, 1879.

3. an itinerant street preacher: “Anticipated Riot,” New York Times, December 12, 1853.

4. Fernando Wood saw his opening: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 94.

5. A Tribune reporter saw one rioter: “Fourth of July,” New York Tribune, July 6, 1857.

6. At one point Isaiah Rynders: Sante, Low Life, 203.

7. Dan Sickles meanwhile was causing trouble: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 1–25 and 88–100.

Chapter 10. From New York to Bleeding Kansas

1. Greeley railed against the plan: Williams, Horace Greeley, 172–73.

2. Henry Ward Beecher went up: Applegate, Most Famous Man in America, 201–2.

3. sent… James Redpath to Kansas: McKivigan, Forgotten Firebrand, 2–18.

4. Brown was born in 1800: DeCaro, John Brown, 3–42.

5. Preston Brooks, sought out: Stampp, America in 1857, 11–17.

6. Greeley was assaulted in Washington: Williams, Horace Greeley, 183.

7. Preston Brooks was lionized: Copeland, Antebellum Era, 364.

8. Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II: Wyatt-Brown, Honor and Violence in the Old South, 27.

9. Redpath was already: Gilpin, John Brown Still Lives!, 24–25.

10. John E. Cook was a slight: Lubet, John Brown’s Spy, 12–31.

11. The Tribune was by now: Williams, Horace Greeley, 207–9.

12. the writer and feminist Julia Ward Howe: Howe, Reminiscences, 1819–1899, 4 and 254–56.

Chapter 11. Leaves of Grass

1. John Brown Jr. was working: DeCaro, John Brown, 129.

2. “The hard labor of the farm”: Stovall, Prose Works 1892, 580.

3. Louisa was Quaker: Kaplan, Walt Whitman, 55–70.

4. the New England Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson: “Mr. Emerson’s Lecture,” New York Tribune, February 8, 1843.

5. In 1849, Whitman walked into: Greenspan, Walt Whitman and the American Reader, 61–88.

6. “I am the mate and companion”: Whitman, Leaves of Grass, 21.

7. Whitman published Leaves: Greenspan, Walt Whitman and the American Reader, 86–98.

8. “bold, stirring thoughts”: New York Tribune, July 23, 1855.

9. At the Times: Kaplan, Walt Whitman, 321.

10. “Who is this arrogant young man”: “Leaves of Grass,” New York Times, November 13, 1856.

11. writing as Fanny Fern: Kaplan, Walt Whitman, 198–228.

12. Still, Leaves didn’t sell: Greenspan, Walt Whitman and the American Reader, 176.

13. as the Tribune’s Junius Browne put it: Browne, Great Metropolis, 154.

Chapter 12. Hard Times and High

1. the Panic of 1857: Calomiris and Schweikart, “The Panic of 1857.”

2. Most New York banks: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 845–46.

3. Mayor Wood responded by proposing: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 41–81.

4. In their dismay that fall: Long, Revival of 1857–58, 11–45.

5. Edwin Booth was dazzling them on Broadway: Titone, My Thoughts Be Bloody, 35–60.

6. the actor he’d subbed for was… Junius Brutus Booth: Ruggles, Prince of Players, 3–25.

7. To a young Walt Whitman: Whitman, Complete Prose Works, 1:428.

8. At eighteen, Edwin sailed: Ruggles, Prince of Players, 26–53.

9. Laura Keene, a British actress: Henneke, Laura Keene, 1–58.

10. Keene took Edwin for a lover: Giblin, Good Brother, Bad Brother, 69–70.

11. When Edwin came to the Metropolitan: Henderson, The City and the Theatre, 107–8.

12. Booth was billed: Giblin, Good Brother, Bad Brother, 47.

13. critic and aesthete Adam Badeau: Badeau, The Vagabond, vii and 122.

14. she debuted Our American Cousin: Henneke, Laura Keene, 59–106.

Chapter 13. Murder and Rebellion

1. In February 1859: “Dreadful Tragedy,” New York Times, February 28, 1859.

2. The Tribune rendered it: “Dreadful Affair at Washington,” New York Tribune, February 28, 1859.

3. “Is the scoundrel dead?”: Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 11.

4. one of the most sensational murders: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 63.

5. “intensely exciting”: “The Sickles Tragedy,” New York Times, April 5, 1859.

6 “the decorum of the Court”: Ibid., April 27, 1859.

7. Dan Sickles basked: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 47–66.

8. On the night of October 16, 1859: Lubet, John Brown’s Spy, 60–64.

9. David Hunter Strother wrote: Eby, “Porte Crayon,” 104–8.

10. The Sun was still reporting: “Insurrection at Harper’s Ferry,” The Sun, October 22, 1859.

11. the twenty-one-year-old actor John Wilkes Booth: Titone, My Thoughts Be Bloody, 209–14.

12. After the hanging: DeCaro, John Brown, 96–99.

13. Thirty years later: “John Brown’s Clothes,” Brooklyn Eagle, April 6, 1890.

14. Two journalists joined the line: Genoways, Walt Whitman and the Civil War, 12–48.

15. The white supremacist Day-Book: Conrad, “Whitman and the Proslavery Press: Newly Recovered 1860 Reviews.”

16. When Fernando Wood lost: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 82–96.

Chapter 14. Slave Ships

1. the Wanderer was the most: Wells, The Slave Ship Wanderer, 8–52.

2. Charles’s father, Gazaway Bugg Lamar: Hay, “Gazaway Bugg Lamar.”

3. “a slave-dealer, a kidnapper of negroes”: “Chivalric Swindling,” New York Times, March 21, 1859.

4. The Nightingale began life: Sherwood, “Perfidious Albion.”

5. The prosecutor argued: Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon, 139–40.

6. From his long instructions to the jury: “The Slaver Nightingale,” New York Times, November 15, 1861.

7. “a matter of surprise”: “Impunity for Slave Traders,” New York Times, November 15, 1861.

8. “The prisoner is a young man”: “The Slave Trade,” New York Times, November 25, 1861.

9. he enlisted and served: Phisterer, New York in the War of the Rebellion, 1541–48.

Chapter 15. The Tall, Dark Horse Stranger

1. “If he had not come to New York”: McPherson, Mighty Scourge, 199.

2. On Saturday, February 25, 1860: Freeman, Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York, 13–18.

3. In the Tribune, Greeley exhorted: Harper, Lincoln and the Press, 45.

4. Lincoln walked a short way: Freeman, Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York, 20–36.

5. Mathew Brady’s photography studio: Rosenheim, Photography and the American Civil War, 17–32.

6. Fifteen hundred people: Freeman, Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York, 89–90.

7. Afterward, Lincoln went: Harper, Lincoln and the Press, 45–46.

8. When Lincoln went: Freeman, Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York, 94–100.

9. When the Republicans met: Harper, Lincoln and the Press, 50–51.

10. It was as big an upset: Borchard, Abraham Lincoln and Horace Greeley, 60–65.

11. “moneybags of Wall Street”: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 864.

12. The squabbling among the various Democrat factions: McKay, The Civil War and New York City, 19.

13. “The engrafting of negrology”: “Ratification of Fusion,” New York Times, October 9, 1860.

14. called themselves the Wide-Awakes: Grinspan, “Young Men for War.”

15. Seward addressed a Lincoln rally: “Gov. Seward in the Metropolis,” New York Times, November 3, 1860.

Chapter 16. City of Secession

1. newspaper editors throughout the South: Harper, Lincoln and the Press, 66–68.

2. Correspondents for New York papers: Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War, 14–19.

3. the erratic Greeley lost heart: Harper, Lincoln and the Press, 101–2.

4. the May 1859 issue of De Bow’s Review: De Bow’s Review 1, no. 5 (May 1859).

5. On December 15, Richard Lathers: Garner, Civil War World of Herman Melville, 9–10.

6. Lathers and the meeting’s other organizers: Farrow et al., Complicity, 10–11.

7. Lathers and his wife: Garner, Civil War World of Herman Melville, 68–70.

8. forty thousand of the city’s businessmen: Johnson, “Vast and Fiendish Plot,” 71.

9. Mayor Wood offered New Yorkers: “City Government for 1861,” New York Times, January 7, 1861.

10. The idea of New York becoming: Anbinder, “Fernando Wood and New York City’s Secession from the Union.”

11. “miserable sophistries and puerilities”: “Secession Gone to Seed,” New York Times, January 8, 1861.

12. “but tarried at the bar”: Myers, History of Tammany Hall, 194–95.

13. Although Dix’s new role: Leonard, History of the City of New York, 368–70.

14. Rynders and a large group: “Sympathy for Secession,” New York Times, January 16, 1861.

15. Gazaway Bugg Lamar, who made other such purchases: Hay, “Gazaway Bugg Lamar.”

16. a twenty-five-year-old named Henry Villard: Villard de Borchgrave and Cullen, Villard, 1–94.

17. “his shameful record as a journalist”: Villard, Memoirs, 1:162.

18. the Lincoln Special: Kline, Baltimore Plot, 151.

19. When the train stopped in Albany: Titone, My Thoughts Be Bloody, 241.

20. Walt Whitman recorded an uncomfortable moment: Whitman, Prose Works, 499–500.

21. “I can only say that I fully concur”: Basler, Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, 232–33.

22. In Philadelphia, Lincoln heard: Kline, Baltimore Plot, 70.

Chapter 17. The Tempest Bursting

1. the plague of office-seeking locusts: Garner, Civil War World of Herman Melville, 80–81.

2. “Orpheus C. Kerr”—Office Seeker: Newell, Orpheus C. Kerr Papers, 1:37–38.

3. At forty-one, Herman Melville: Garner, Civil War World of Herman Melville, 82–84.

4. Greeley met with the president: Stoddard, Horace Greeley, 212.

5. the stocky, bushy-bearded Albert Richardson: Carlson, Junius and Albert’s Adventures, 11–17.

6. as a secret Tribune correspondent: Richardson, Secret Service, 31–42.

7. Davis hoped the North: Merrington, Custer Story, 9–10.

8. “a peacetime joke”: McPherson, Ordeal by Fire, 168.

9. The Tuesday, April 9, Times: “Military and Naval Movements,” New York Times, April 9, 1861.

10. The Herald thought it knew: Spann, Gotham at War, 12.

11. Bradley Osborn, a reporter for the World: Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War, 1–5.

Chapter 18. War! War!! War!!!

1. Laura Keene was starring: Henneke, Laura Keene, 147–54.

2. historian Mark Caldwell notes: Caldwell, New York Night, 149.

3. the soprano Clara Louise Kellogg: Kellogg, Memoirs of an American Prima Donna, 1.

4. He walked into the Metropolitan Hotel: Whitman, Complete Prose, 1:28–29.

5. “always alive all night”: Caldwell, New York Night, 149.

6. Edwin Booth’s brother John: Giblin, Good Brother, Bad Brother, 63–64.

7. The Herald printed 135,000 papers: McKay, The Civil War and New York City, 56.

8. Beecher preached an abolitionist war sermon: Beecher, Writings, 84–109.

9. Bennett had hammered away: Seitz, James Gordon Bennetts, 171.

10. Lincoln summoned Thurlow Weed: Weed, Autobiography, 617.

11. Bennett asked Henry Villard: Villard, Memoirs, 1:162.

12. James Jr.’s sailing yacht: Seitz, James Gordon Bennetts, 182.

13. the Baltic reached New York: “The Heroes of Fort Sumter,” New York Times, April 19, 1861.

14. the Times called it: “The Union Forever!,” New York Times, April 21, 1861.

15. Orpheus C. Kerr added a poem: Newell, Orpheus C. Kerr Papers, 31.

16. Gazaway Bugg Lamar would leave the city: Hay, “Gazaway Bugg Lamar.”

17. Back in Savannah: Marsh, “The Military Trial of Gazaway Bugg Lamar.”

18. Recalling the martial fever: Whitman, Complete Prose, 30–31.

19. less courteously as Copperheads: “The Impending War,” New York Times, April 10, 1861.

20. By 1862, Peace Democrats: Weber, Copperheads, 3.

Chapter 19. New York to the Rescue

1. “The condition of Baltimore”: Dix, Memoirs, 2:27.

2. Southerners expected to seize: Lockwood and Lockwood, Siege of Washington, 59–60.

3. “and his physical infirmities”: Villard, Memoirs, 1:179.

4. To fund the start-up: Spann, Gotham at War, 23–25.

5. “in almost every street”: Alduino and Coles, Sons of Garibaldi, 48.

6. Tammany Hall put together a regiment: Hershkowitz, Tweed’s New York, 82–83.

7. William “Billy” Wilson, a lightweight boxer: Stott, Jolly Fellows, 222.

8. Maria Daly, who liked him: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 22.

9. The Sun was not buying it: “The Traitors Among Us—A Warning,” The Sun, April 16, 1861.

10. Frederick and Gustav “Gus” Schurmann: Styple, Little Bugler, 10–20.

11. formed the Union Defense Committee: Leonard, History of the City of New York, 370.

12. James Stevenson wrote a pamphlet: Stevenson, History of the Excelsior or Sickles’ Brigade, 8.

13. Joseph Twichell, a young abolitionist: Messent and Courtney, Civil War Letters of Joseph Hopkins Twichell, 16–18.

14. Colonel Billy Wilson’s 6th: McKay, The Civil War and New York City, 74–75.

15. “Colonel Wilson’s men”: Blake, Pictorial History, 92.

16. the first New York City regiment: Emmons, History of the Second Company, 290.

17. Private O’Brien cheered his fellows: Lockwood and Lockwood, Siege of Washington, 183 and 227–48.

18. the photographers George Barnard and C. O. Bostwick: Rosenheim, Photography and the American Civil War, 63.

19. The Times reported: “A Sergeant of the McLelland Rifles Shot,” New York Times, November 8, 1861.

20. he wrote an extraordinary letter: “Funeral of Lieut. Fitz-James O’Brien,” New York Times, April 10, 1862.

21. New York’s harbor defenses: Spann, Gotham at War, 156–57.

Chapter 20. Immigrants Join the Fight

1. New York City fielded more German units: Keller, Chancellorsville and the Germans, 24–27.

2. the 8th New York Infantry: Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 84–85.

3. were also compelled to volunteer: Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 60.

4. At their head was Colonel Michael Corcoran: Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 112–13.

5. Captain D. P. Conyngham, a journalist: Conyngham, Irish Brigade, 21.

6. “About 5 o’clock the regiment”: “Off for the War,” New York Times, April 24, 1861.

7. Maria Daly recorded with alarm: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 18–23.

8. Meanwhile it took only a week: Wylie, Irish General, 117–22.

9. Chaplain Mooney got in trouble: Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 77.

10. to be called the Garibaldi Guard: Alduino and Coles, Sons of Garibaldi, 49; Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 169–72.

Chapter 21. The First to Fall

1. “the name Zouave”: “The Zouaves,” New York Times, July 20, 1860.

2. The Sunday Mercury joked: Alice Fahs, The Imagined Civil War, 84.

3. R. H. Macy’s Dry Goods: Morgan, Civil War Lover’s Guide, 60–61.

4. Notable among them: Stott, Jolly Fellows, 222.

5. Henry J. Wisner, a Times writer: “From the Fire Zouaves,” New York Times, May 11, 1861.

6. Wisner wrote a detailed account: “The Death of Col. Ellsworth,” New York Times, May 26, 1861.

7. “The faces of all were sad”: “Obsequies of Col. Ellsworth,” New York Times, May 27, 1861.

8. As early as May 7 the Times was reporting: “Military and Naval Movements,” New York Times, May 7, 1861.

9. “The sides of the awning”: “Remains of Capt. Ward,” New York Times, July 2, 1861.

10. Herman Melville happened to be in the city: Garner, Civil War World of Herman Melville, 101–2.

Chapter 22. Seeing the Elephant; or, The Great Skedaddle

1. the Daily News was more reserved: Weber, Copperheads, 38.

2. The volunteers sauntered: Davis, Battle at Bull Run, 96.

3. Mathew Brady and a crew: Horan, Mathew Brady, 37–38.

4. the thirty-two-year-old Alfred “Alf” Waud: Ray, Alfred R. Waud, 13–43.

5. rode up to Colonel William Tecumseh Sherman: Sherman, Memoirs, 100–195.

6. “Our men are not good soldiers”: Davis, Battle at Bull Run, 219.

7. a few Northern specials rushed off: Perry, Bohemian Brigade, 31–42.

8. “seeing the elephant”: “Seeing the Elephant,” New York Times, March 1, 1861.

9. One of Corcoran’s officers, Lieutenant Colonel James Haggerty: Wylie, Irish General, 128.

10. Orpheus C. Kerr claimed: Newell, Orpheus C. Kerr Papers, 1:82.

11. “a wild, senseless rabble”: Villard, Memoirs, 1:192–93.

12. “There was a regular mingling”: Conyngham, Irish Brigade, 39.

13. Determined not to let that happen again: Rosenheim, Photography and the American Civil War, 63–65.

14. Blenker’s brigade: Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 84–86.

15. At least one New York unit: McKay, The Civil War and New York City, 89.

16. An engraving made from a Waud sketch: Ray, Alfred R. Waud, 27–28.

17. was quoted in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle: “The Battle of Bull’s Run,” Brooklyn Daily Eagle, July 24, 1861.

18. William Russell claimed that: Wylie, Irish General, 130.

19. In her diary, Maria Daly: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 40–41 and 271.

20. “This order was received”: Stevenson, History of the Excelsior or Sickles’ Brigade, 9.

Chapter 23. The Hyenas of War

1. On July 29 he scrawled an astounding letter: James M. Lundberg, “On to Richmond! Or Not,” New York Times, July 28, 2011.

2. Dana would write: Dana, Recollections, 1–2.

3. Benjamin Wood was now openly calling: Blondheim, Copperhead Gore, 14.

4. McMaster, on the other hand: Kwitchen, James Alphonsus McMaster, 125–32.

5. “Everything is as clean and bright”: “Department of the East,” New York Times, March 17, 1865.

6. House Republicans looked for new excuses: Blondheim, Copperhead Gore, 33–34.

Chapter 24. The Shoddy Aristocracy

1. an open invitation to graft: McKay, The Civil War and New York City, 98–99.

2. Henry Bowen and Thurlow Weed, already prosperous: Goldsmith, Other Powers, 75; Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed, 287–99.

3. The war was beneficial: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 873–79; Spann, Gotham at War, 135–45.

4. speculating on the price of gold: Browder, Money Game, 97–99.

5. Fernando Wood once again found himself: Allen, Tiger, 78; Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 116–32.

6. the slave ship captain Nathaniel Gordon: Soodalter, Hanging Captain Gordon, 69–243.

Chapter 25. We Are Coming, Father Abraham

1. Elizabeth Blackwell had grown up: Harper, Women During the Civil War, 414.

2. “The gross perversion”: Blackwell, Pioneer Work, 30.

3. “I took good rooms”: Ibid., 180–209.

4. They used the same approach in 1861: Humphreys, Marrow of Tragedy, 105–6 and 20–24.

5. the men brought in Dorothea Dix: Harper, Women During the Civil War, 415.

6. at least Olmsted was in place: Maxwell, Lincoln’s Fifth Wheel, 20–22.

7. Lincoln called on General George McClellan: Sears, George B. McClellan, 1–146.

8. At first he lived up to the great expectations: Bailey, Forward to Richmond, 16–22.

9. It helped inspire one visitor, Julia Ward Howe: Howe, Reminiscences, 271–75.

10. the boyish-looking Colonel Francis (Frank) Channing Barlow: Welch, Boy General, 19–42.

11. One of his men, Private Charles Fuller: Fuller, Personal Recollections, 10.

12. Winslow Homer met up with him: Downes, Life and Works of Winslow Homer, 34–50.

13. “I don’t believe in dilettante nursing”: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 77.

14. Whetten described one group: Hass, “A Volunteer Nurse.”

15. McClellan moved his great force: Bailey, Forward to Richmond, 124–25.

16. Miles O’Reilly: Halpine, Poetical Works, 286.

17. All the New York papers: Andrews, The North Reports the Civil War, 189–95.

18. Julia Tyler put on a brave front: Seager, And Tyler Too, 473–77.

19. Kearny fumed that he was “feeble”: De Peyster, Personal and Military History of Philip Kearny, 333–50.

20. They sent him Gus Schurmann: Styple, Little Bugler, 83–91.

21. But the gung-ho sentiment: Weber, Copperheads, 50–52.

Chapter 26. Three Cheers for Ericsson

1. In September 1861: deKay, Monitor, 24–59.

2. New Yorkers would write Lincoln: Holzer, Lincoln Mailbag, 24 and 76.

3. Finally, with a crew of fifty-eight: Livingston, Brooklyn and the Civil War, 73–76.

4. “having no more effect”: “Desperate Naval Engagements in Hampton Roads,” New York Times, March 10, 1862.

5. “Raise your voices everyone”: Pastor, Tony Pastor’s Book.

6. “the marine monster”: “The Merrimac Menacing the Capital,” New York Times, March 12, 1862.

7. Cornelius Vanderbilt answered: Stiles, First Tycoon, 277 and 340–48.

8. The Merrimac steamed out of Gosport: deKay, Monitor, 203–25.

9. David Farragut was born in Tennessee: Duffy, Lincoln’s Admiral, 3–114.

10. Tony Pastor mocked him: Pastor, Tony Pastor’s Book, 66–67.

11. leaving the occupation… to General Benjamin Butler: McPherson, Mighty Scourge, 231–32 and 266–67.

Chapter 27. I Goes to Fight mit Sigel

1. “one of the most miserable”: Keller, Chancellorsville and the Germans, 35–45.

2. Michael Corcoran was back in New York City: “Col. Corcoran in Washington,” New York Times, August 19, 1862.

3. That September, D’Utassy: Alduino and Coles, Sons of Garibaldi, 56–71.

Chapter 28. The Dead of Antietam

1. “As soon as my men began to fall”: Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life, 113.

2. “looking so handsome”: Welch, Boy General, 70.

3. Barlow wrote his mother: Samito, “Fear Was Not in Him,” 116–22.

4. Private Charles Fuller spoke for many: Fuller, Personal Recollections, 63.

5. “Mr. Brady has done something”: “Brady’s Photographs,” New York Times, October 20, 1862.

6. Gardner was redressing that situation: Rosenheim, Photography and the American Civil War, 7–12.

Chapter 29. Sambo’s Right to Be Kilt

1. “one of the great ironies of the war”: Oates, Our Fiery Trial, 78.

2. After Horace Greeley got over: Williams, Horace Greeley, 227.

3. “Sambo’s Right to Be Kilt”: Stedman, American Anthology, 860.

4. Lincoln liked and admired Hunter: Oates, Our Fiery Trial, 74–78.

5. “My paramount object”: Basler, Abraham Lincoln, 652.

6. he began the momentous meeting: Fahs, Imagined Civil War, 195–96.

7. In the Tribune, Greeley enthused: “The Proclamation of Freedom,” New York Tribune, September 24, 1862.

8. “looking at its possible economical and moral results”: “The President’s Proclamation,” New York Times, September 28, 1862.

9. Soldiers deserted in record numbers: White, Emancipation, 69–82.

10. Michael Corcoran was putting together: Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 116–17.

11. Horatio Seymour, who blamed the war: Mushkat, Reconstruction, 39.

12. All six of the city’s congressional seats: Spann, Gotham at War, 91.

13. “There has never been so great”: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 195.

14. Benjamin Wood resumed publishing: Blondheim, Copperhead Gore, 44–50.

15. “Give us back our old Commander”: McWhirter, Battle Hymns, 95–96.

16. Raymond rallied behind his president: “The Removal of Gen. McClellan,” New York Times, November 10, 1862.

Chapter 30. Burnside Falls, Sickles Rises

1. “As we advanced”: Corby, Memoirs of Chaplain Life, 131–32.

2. Walt Whitman saw the name of his younger brother: Whitman, Complete Prose, 1:38–39 and 1:58–59.

3. Redpath wrote Walt: McKivigan, Forgotten Firebrand, 84–94.

4. another younger brother, Jeff: Berthold and Price, Dear Brother Walt, 44.

5. “We can tell the imps of faction”: “The Cry for the Recall of McClellan,” New York Times, May 9, 1863.

6. With that, Gus Schurmann became: Styple, Little Bugler, 115.

7. Sickles and Butterfield threw gala parties: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 170–74.

8. the young Princess Salm-Salm: Coffey, Soldier Princess, 1–14.

9. Sickles gave Gus a week’s furlough: Styple, Little Bugler, 116–41.

10. Sickles organized a reception: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 175–76.

11. whom he christened General Tom Thumb: “The Loving Lilliputians,” New York Times, February 11, 1863.

12. Posted near Newport News, Michael Corcoran: “The Death of Lieut-Col. Kimball,” New York Times, April 20, 1863.

13. The men of the Eleventh Corps: Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 122–25.

14. the “flying Dutchmen”: Keller, Chancellorsville and the Germans, 79–121.

15. Barlow wrote his family: Samito, “Fear Was Not in Him,” 130–41.

16. Captain Francis Adams: Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 69.

17. awarded one to Gus Schurmann: Styple, Little Bugler, 148–49.

18. a committee led by Albert Richardson: Carlson, Junius and Albert’s Adventures, 11–218.

19. Sherman’s terse reply: Perry, Bohemian Brigade, 135–55.

20. Richardson would not be: Carlson, Junius and Albert’s Adventures, 250–56.

Chapter 31. Grafted into the Army

1. “The laboring classes”: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 248.

2. a large new federal bureaucracy: Weber, Copperheads, 87–105.

3. Draft dodging was rampant: Levine, “Draft Evasion.”

4. Dennis Mahony, former editor: Klement, “Catholics as Copperheads.”

5. Clement Vallandigham, king of Copperheads: Klement, Limits of Dissent, 138–58.

6. The Wood brothers staged: Brummer, Political History of New York State, 314–15.

7. Lincoln’s reply to Corning: Holzer, State of the Union, 115–24.

8. Peace Democrats staged a giant rally: “The Peace Party,” New York Times, June 4, 1863.

9. Henry Raymond scoffed at “Fernando’s Farce”: “Fernando’s Farce,” New York Times, June 7, 1863.

10. “Well, Walt, you and I cannot agree”: Berthold and Price, Dear Brother Walt, 61.

Chapter 32. Dan Sickles, Hero or Villain?

1. Robert E. Lee was a close reader: McPherson, Mighty Scourge, 78–85.

2. Governor Seymour sent: Schecter, Devil’s Own Work, 18–19.

3. Sickles either nearly lost: Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 101–234.

4. Frank Barlow also pushed: Samito, “Fear Was Not in Him,” 144–67 and 201.

5. a young man from New York City named John Tommy: “China at Gettysburg,” New York Times, July 12, 1863.

6. But D’Utassy was not with them: Catalfamo, “Thorny Rose.”

7. Henry Villard called him: Villard, Memoirs, 1:174.

Chapter 33. The Volcano Erupts

1. On the morning of Tuesday, July 14: Ackerman, Boss Tweed, 13–14.

2. Peace Democrats gathered: “The Fourth of July,” New York Tribune, July 6, 1863.

3. two satirical new songs: Nathan, “Two Inflation Songs.”

4. Workers watched the shoddy aristocracy: Man, “Labor Competition.”

5. The Times claimed at the end of June: “The Enrollment,” New York Times, June 30, 1863.

6. a construction worker did scuffle: Schecter, Devil’s Own Work, 19.

7. Thomas Francis Meagher was trying to raise: Wylie, Irish General, 196–97.

8. an added irritation that Sunday was Orange Day: Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 178.

9. “The name was given her”: Costello, Our Firemen, 174–75.

10. Stones flew through the office’s windows: Bernstein, New York City Draft Riots, 18.

11. The mob turned to the Colored Orphan Asylum: Cook, Armies of the Streets, 53–78.

12. Dr. John Torrey, a distinguished botanist and chemist: Dupree and Fishel, “Eyewitness Account.”

13. As the day wore on: Schecter, Devil’s Own Work, 242–46.

14. Some stampeded the cab companies: Cook, Armies of the Streets, 80–90.

15. Edwin Booth and various family members: Titone, My Thoughts Be Bloody, 293–300.

16. William Tweed… showed absolutely no physical fear: Bernstein, New York City Draft Riots, 24–25.

17. He’d been spending the war years: Allen, Tiger, 89–94.

18. Tweed saw an opportunity: Ackerman, Boss Tweed, 15–22.

19. According to the Times: “Doings of Gov. Seymour,” New York Times, July 15, 1863.

20. Their commander, Colonel Henry O’Brien: Cook, Armies of the Streets, 110–19.

21. Maria Daly heard the stories: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 49–251.

22. Thomas Nast, the German immigrant: Halloran, Thomas Nast, 74–79.

23. “forgotten even by his former friends”: “The Leader of the Riots Dead,” New York Times, December 8, 1883.

24. That afternoon, Archbishop Hughes: “The Archbishop and His Flock,” New York Times, July 18, 1863.

25. “Let the niggers stay in the South!”: Man, “Labor Competition.”

26. “Undoubtedly we shall never know”: Berthold and Price, Dear Brother Walt, 64–65.

Chapter 34. Tweed to the Rescue

1. the Tribune accused Governor Seymour: “Our Peril,” New York Tribune, July 16, 1863.

2. singled out Irish Catholics: Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 181–84.

3. Republicans’ calls for harsh punishments: Cook, Armies of the Streets, 177–84.

4. Historian Tyler Anbinder conducted: Anbinder, “Which Poor Man’s Fight?”

5. a gun-maker named Orison Blunt: “Orison Blunt,” New York Times, April 22, 1879.

6. At first Tweed’s plan: Ackerman, Boss Tweed, 25–28.

7. a new industry of bounty brokers: Murdock, “New York’s Civil War Bounty Brokers.”

8. New Yorker James Devlin: “Military Execution at Governor’s Island,” New York Times, February 4, 1865.

9. led to the formation of the first black regiment: Jones, “Union League Club.”

10. Dan Sickles, on crutches: “What Pennsylvania Has Escaped,” New York Times, July 6, 1863.

11. meanwhile, Gus remained with his family: Styple, Little Bugler, 163–64.

12. New York City voters went to the polls: Brummer, Political History of New York State, 554.

13. visited his old friend Michael Corcoran: Burton, Melting Pot Soldiers, 118–19.

14. Stephen Foster had returned to New York: Emerson, Doo-dah!, 243–305.

Chapter 35. The Fire in the Rear

1. Franz Sigel suffered a similar thrashing: Keller, Chancellorsville and the Germans, 157.

2. It was Copperheads who reacted: Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 160–62.

3. Greeley made note: “Miscegenation,” New York Tribune, March 16, 1864.

4. The pamphlet mailed to Lincoln: Holzer, Mailbag, 176–77.

5. Reverend Beecher had quietly reached out: Applegate, Most Famous Man in America, 346–50.

6. John Mullaly had been railing: “The Editor of the Metropolitan Record Arrested for Inciting Gov. Seymour to Resist the Draft,” New York Times, August 20, 1864.

7. After the fall of Vicksburg: Johnson, “Vast and Fiendish Plot,” 112–14.

8. One of them was William “Larry” McDonald: “The Rebel Incendiary Plot,” New York Times, February 8, 1865.

9. Then there was the debonair George Sanders: Mayers, Dixie and the Dominion, 65–66 and 160.

10. Captain Hines later testified: Johnson, “Vast and Fiendish Plot,” 165.

11. Stanton and Dana sent double agents: Dana, Recollections, 242.

12. Greeley excitedly dashed off a letter: Williams, Horace Greeley, 247–55.

13. Andrew Johnson later said: Stoddard, Horace Greeley, 248.

14. In New York, Fernando Wood: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 133–51.

15. included a “peace plank”: Bruce, The Harp and the Eagle, 172.

16. Vallandigham wrote the peace plank: Klement, “Catholics as Copperheads,” 271–87.

17. In August, Admiral Farragut achieved: Duffy, Lincoln’s Admiral, 219–53.

18. “The times seem to me”: Daly, Diary of a Union Lady, 306–7.

19. “ASTOUNDING FRAUDS!”: New York Times, October 26, 1864.

20. That month the Canada commission struck: Mayers, Dixie and the Dominion, 105–16.

21. There were predictions: Longacre, “Union Army Occupation.”

Chapter 36. New York City’s Burning

1. At the Winter Garden: Giblin, Good Brother, Bad Brother, 97–98.

2. “the panic was such”: “The Plot,” New York Times, November 27, 1864.

3. Edwin stepped up to the footlights: Ruggles, Prince of Players, 163–65.

4. eight young Rebel saboteurs: Johnson, “Vast and Fiendish Plot,” 166–76.

5. Headley would write a book: Headley, Confederate Operations, 266–80.

6. They were thunderstruck: Brandt, Man Who Tried to Burn New York, 89–97.

7. Reading the morning papers: Giblin, Good Brother, Bad Brother, 93–96.

8. General Dix and Superintendent Kennedy were mortified: Johnson, “Vast and Fiendish Plot,” 233–48.

9. It was Joe Howard: “Department of the East,” New York Times, March 17, 1865.

Chapter 37. Last Acts

1. Whitman went to the grand reception: Whitman, Prose Works, 110.

2. turned out for a Union Jubilee: “The Union Jubilee,” New York Times, March 7, 1865.

3. Greeley published an editorial: Stoddard, Horace Greeley, 232–33.

4. A jubilant, drunken crowd: Searcher, Farewell to Lincoln, 23.

5. Lincoln sounded nothing like: Basler, Abraham Lincoln, 797.

6. “That means nigger citizenship”: Giblin, Good Brother, Bad Brother, 114.

7. “I saw a man in mid-air”: Leale, Lincoln’s Last Hours, 3–4.

8. Keene strode up to the footlights: Henneke, Laura Keene, 193–208.

9. when the actors John McCullough and Edwin Forrest heard the news: Ruggles, Prince of Players, 182–98.

10. a character actor named Samuel Knapp Chester: “The Trial of the Assassins,” New York Times, May 17, 1865.

11. Henry Ward Beecher was not at Plymouth Church: Applegate, Most Famous Man in America, 11–12.

12. Beecher delivered a long speech: Beecher and Scoville, Biography of Henry Ward Beecher, 453–54.

13. They’d been organized by James Redpath: McKivigan, Forgotten Firebrand, 98–110.

14. “All Broadway is black with mourning”: Glicksberg, Walt Whitman and the Civil War, 174–75.

15. Some New York Copperheads: Searcher, Farewell to Lincoln, 39.

16. Julia Gardiner Tyler, still a proud and defiant Confederate: Seager, And Tyler Too, 473–510.

17. Charles’s father, Gazaway: Marsh, “Military Trial.”

Chapter 38. A “Hippodrome of Sorrow”

1. On the morning of Monday, April 24: Searcher, Farewell to Lincoln, 124–40.

2. “crape or black folds”: Sandburg, Abraham Lincoln, 4:396.

3. a man named Peter Relyea: Kunhardt and Kunhardt, Twenty Days, 168–69.

4. a “hippodrome of sorrow”: Lewis, Myths After Lincoln, 119–21.

5. “a dense human hedge”: “The Procession,” New York Times, April 26, 1865.

6. But one man who rode with the 16th: Furgurson, “The Man Who Shot the Man Who Shot Lincoln.”

7. Thomas Francis Meagher attended a lecture: Wylie, Irish General, 209–315.

8. On July 4 the surviving six hundred: Spann, Gotham at War, 189.

9. Edwin Booth stayed out of the public eye: Ruggles, Prince of Players, 252–61.

Chapter 39. The Postwar Boom

1. Dan Sickles was one of those friends: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 279–91.

2. New York’s business community: Spann, Gotham at War, 190–92.

3. Mathew Brady’s battlefield photographs: Horan, Mathew Brady, 62–87.

4. Prosperity was the new evangelism: Goldfield, America Aflame, 439–57.

5. The second transcontinental railroad: Villard de Borchgrave and Cullen, Villard, 289–382.

6. Ulysses S. Grant emerged from the war: Hesseltine, Ulysses S. Grant, 54–102.

7. The Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour: Waugh, U. S. Grant, 121–23.

8. Tweed and Tammany made sure he did: Ackerman, Boss Tweed, 44–56.

9. George McClellan, who was just turning forty-two: Sears, George B. McClellan, 387–401.

Chapter 40. Anything to Beat Grant

1. Sickles and Fish had known each other for years: Nevins, Hamilton Fish, 1–65.

2. Although Grant himself: Waugh, U. S. Grant, 104.

3. A pair of sharp operators: Browder, Money Game, 164.

4. corruption ran amok: Allen, Tiger, 82; Hershkowitz, Tweed’s New York, 137–62.

5. One man took the Fenians’ side: Mushkat, Fernando Wood, 160–61.

6. annual Orange Day parade: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 1003–8.

7. the County Courthouse swindle: Ackerman, Boss Tweed, 167–70.

8. At Harper’s Weekly, Thomas Nast: Halloran, Thomas Nast, 119–38.

9. In 1873, Tweed was convicted: Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, 1008–11.

10. In 1872, Dan Sickles: Welch, Boy General, 209–15.

11. “a sorry sight”: “Mr. Jay Gould Resigns,” The Sun, March 13, 1872.

12. A Spanish warship captured the Virginius: “Virginius Massacre,” New York Tribune, November 13, 1873.

13. Dan was furious at being upstaged: Swanberg, Sickles the Incredible, 313–51.

14. “the Bolters’ Convention”: “The True Voice of the People,” New York Times, April 27, 1872.

15. Greeley emerged victorious: Williams, Horace Greeley, 293–303.

16. Matt Morgan, recently brought over from London: Kent, “War Cartooned.”

17. Nast drew Greeley: Jarman, “Graphic Art of Thomas Nast.”

18. Henry Ward Beecher mentioned him: “Henry Ward Beecher’s Discourse—‘A Broken-Hearted Man,’” New York Times, December 2, 1872.

Chapter 41. Scandals and Scams

1. Republicans were on their pro-business roll: Fairfield, The Public and Its Possibilities, 116–17.

2. Custer didn’t come to his postwar celebrity: Monaghan, Custer, 332–35.

3. “the most wonderful, thrilling stories”: Kellogg, Memoirs, 57–58.

4. “I was never as happy”: Waugh, U. S. Grant, 155–65.

5. “Damn ‘My Captain’”: Kaplan, Walt Whitman, 309.

6. Herman Melville had died the year before: Lutwack, “Herman Melville and Atlantic Monthly Critics.”

7. Meanwhile, James Redpath was taking: McKivigan, Forgotten Firebrand, 190–91.

Chapter 42. Old Soldiers

1. Grant had two hundred dollars: Waugh, U. S. Grant, 167–201 and 261–75.

2. the Times crowed: “To Rest in Central Park,” New York Times, July 25, 1885.

3. “Gen. Dan Sickles”: “The Hero Laid to Rest,” The Sun, August 9, 1885.

4. “every balcony, window, and door”: “A Nation at a Tomb,” New York Times, August 9, 1885.

5. “valued his lost leg”: Smith, Autobiography of Mark Twain, 1:287.

6. General Longstreet, the Rebel who’d cost him his leg: Hessler, Sickles at Gettysburg, 386.

7. “Nobody with warm blood”: “Daniel E. Sickles,” New York Times, May 5, 1914.

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