1 WAR IN HUMAN HISTORY
1 Carl von Clausewitz, On War (tr. J.J. Graham), London, 1908, I, p. 23
2 Luke 7: 6–8, Authorised Version
3 Address to the Michigan Military Academy, 19 June 1879, in J. Wintle, The Dictionary of War Quotations, London, 1989, p. 91
4 R. Parkinson, Clausewitz, London, 1970, pp. 175–6
5 R. McNeal, Tsar and Cossack, Basingstoke, 1989, p. 5
6 A. Seaton, The Horsemen of the Steppes, London, 1985, p. 51
7 Parkinson, op. cit., p. 194
8 Seaton, op. cit., p. 121
9 Ibid., p. 154
10 Parkinson, op. cit., p. 169
11 G. Sansom, The Western World and Japan, London, 1950, pp. 265–6
12 W. St Clair, That Greece Might Still Be Free, London, 1972, pp. 114–15
13 Marshal de Saxe, Mes rêveries, Amsterdam, 1757, I, pp. 86–7
14 P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages (tr. M. Jones), Oxford, 1984, p. 169
15 M. Howard, War in European History, Oxford, 1976, p. 15
16 L. Tolstoy, Anna Karenin, London, 1987, pp. 190–5
17 M. Howard, Clausewitz, Oxford, 1983, p. 35
18 P. Paret, Understanding War, Princeton, 1992, p. 104
19 P. Paret, Clausewitz and the State, Princeton, 1985, pp. 322–4
20 M. Howard, op. cit., p. 59
21 Carl von Clausewitz, On War (tr. M. Howard and P. Paret), Princeton, 1976, p. 18
22 Ibid., p. 593
23 M. Sahlins, Tribesmen, New Jersey, 1968, p. 64
24 S. Engleit, Islands at the Centre of the World, New York, 1990, p. 139
25 M. Wilson and L. Thompson (eds.), Oxford History of South Africa, Vol I, Oxford, 1969
26 K. Otterbein, ‘The Evolution of Zulu Warfare’, in B. Oget (ed.) War and Society in Africa, 1972
27 Wilson and Thompson, op. cit., pp. 338–9
28 G. Jefferson, The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom, London, 1979, pp. 9–10, 12
29 E.J. Krige, The Social System of the Zulus, Pietermaritzburg, 1950, Chapter 3 passim
30 Wilson and Thompson, op. cit., p. 345
31 Ibid., p. 346
32 D. Ayalon, ‘Preliminary Remarks on the Mamluk Institutions in Islam’, in V. Parry and M. Yapp (eds.), War, Technology and Society in the Middle East, London, 1975, p. 44
33 Ayalon, ibid., pp. 44–7
34 D. Pipes, Slave Soldiers and Islam, New Haven, 1981, p. 19
35 P. Holt, A. Lambton and B. Lewis (eds.), The Cambridge History of Islam, Cambridge, 1970, Vol. IA, p. 214
36 H. Rabie, ‘The Training of the Mamluk Fans’, in Parry and Yapp, op. cit., pp. 153–63
37 D. Ayalon, Gunpowder and Firearms in the Mamluk Kingdom, London, 1956, p. 86
38 Ibid., pp. 94–5
39 Ibid., p. 70
40 A. Marsot, Egypt in the Reign of Muhammad Ali, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 60–72
41 N. Perrin, Giving Up the Gun, Boston, 1988, p. 19
42 R. Storry, A History of Modern Japan, London, 1960, pp. 53–4
43 J. Hale, Renaissance War Studies, London, 1988, pp. 397–8
44 Sansom, op. cit., p. 192
45 Storry, op. cit., p. 42
46 Perrin, op. cit., pp. 11–12
47 I. Berlin, The Crooked Timber of Humanity, New York, 1991, p. 51
48 Ibid., pp. 52–3
49 Clausewitz (tr. Graham), op. cit., p. 25
50 J. Shy ‘Jomini’, in P. Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy, Princeton, 1986, p. 181
51 A. Kenny, The Logic of Deterrence, London, 1985, p. 15
52 J. Spence, The Search for Modern China, London, 1990, p. 395
53 Ibid., p. 371
54 B. Jelavich, History of the Balkans (Twentieth Century), Cambridge, 1983, p. 270
55 F. Deakin, The Embattled Mountain, London, 1971, p. 55
56 N. Beloff, Tito’s Flawed Legacy, London, 1985, p. 75
57 K. McCormick and H. Perry, Images of War, London, 1991, pp. 145, 326, 334
58 Deakin, op. cit., p. 72
59 M. Djilas, Wartime, New York, 1977, p. 283
60 Spence, op. cit., p. 405
61 A. Horne, A Savage War of Peace, London, 1977, pp. 64, 537–8
62 R. Weigley, The Age of Battles, Bloomington, 1991, p. 543
63 J. Mueller, ‘Changing Attitudes to War. The Impact of the First World War’, British Journal of Political Science, 21, pp. 25–6, 27
LIMITATIONS ON WARMAKING
1 Mariner’s Mirror, Vol. 77, no. 3, p. 217
2 A. Ferrill, The Origins of War, London, 1985, pp. 86–7
3 See J. Guilmartin, Gunpowder and Galleys, Cambridge, 1974, especially Chapter 1, for argument that the galley’s usefulness was not immediately extinguished by the appearance of cannon
4 J. Keegan, The Price of Admiralty, London, 1988, p. 137
5 O. Fames, War in the Arctic, London, 1991, pp. 39 ff.
6 See ‘Adrianople’ in index of R. and T. Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History, London, 1986
7 J-P. Pallud, Blitzkrieg in the West, London, 1991, p. 347
8 J. Keegan, The Second World War, London, 1989, p. 462
9 Punch, 1853, quoted in T. Royle, A Dictionary of Military Quotations, London, 1990, p. 123
10 The Times Atlas (Comprehensive Edition), London, 1977, plate 5
11 I. Berlin, Karl Marx, Oxford, 1978, p. 179
12 A. Van der Heyden and H. Scullard, The Atlas of the Classical World, London, 1959, p. 127, and C. Duffy, Siege Warfare, London, 1979, pp. 204–7, 232–7
13 N. Nicolson, Alex, London, 1973, p. 10
14 See A. Fraser, Boadicea’s Chariot, London, 1988
2 STONE
1 J. Groebel and R. Hinde (eds.), Aggression and War, Cambridge, 1989, pp. xiii–xvi
2 A. J. Herbert, ‘The Physiology of Aggression’, in ibid., p.67
3 Ibid., pp. 68–9
4 R. Dawkins, The Selfish Gene, Oxford, 1989
5 A. Manning, in Groebel and Hinde, op. cit., pp. 52–5
6 Groebel and Hinde, op. cit., p. 5
7 A. Manning, in Groebel and Hinde, op. cit., p. 51
8 R. Clark, Freud, London, 1980, p. 486 ff.
9 K. Lorenz, On Aggression, London, 1966
10 R. Ardrey, The Territorial Imperative, London, 1967
11 L. Tiger, Men in Groups, London, 1969
12 M. Harris, The Rise of Anthropological Theory, London, 1968, pp. 17–18
13 D. Freeman, Margaret Mead and Samoa, Cambridge, Mass., 1983, pp. 13–17
14 Ibid., Chapter 3
15 Harris, op. cit., p. 406
16 A. Kuper, Anthropologists and Anthropology, London, 1973, p. 18
17 Ibid., pp. 207–11
18 A. Mockler, Haile Selassie’s War, Oxford, 1984, p. 219
19 A. Stahlberg, Bounden Duty, London, 1990, p. 72
20 H. Turney-High, Primitive War: Its Practice and Concepts (2nd edition), Columbia, SC, 1971, p. 5
21 Ibid.
22 Ibid., p. 55
23 Ibid., p. 142
24 Ibid., p. 14
25 Ibid., p. 253
26 Ibid., p. v
27 R. Ferguson (ed.), Warfare, Culture and Environment, Orlando, 1984, p. 8
28 M. Mead, ‘Warfare is Only an Invention’, in L. Bramson and G. Goethals, War: Studies from Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology, New York, 1964, pp. 269–74
29 R. Duson-Hudson, in Human Intra-specific Conflict: An Evolutionary Perspective, Guggenheim Institute, New York, 1986
30 Ferguson, op. cit., pp. 6, 26
31 M. Fried, M. Harris and R. Murphy (eds.), War: The Anthropology of Armed Conflict and Aggression, New York, 1967, p. 132
32 Ibid., p. 133
33 Ibid., p. 128
34 US News and World Report, 11 April 1988, p. 59
35 W. Divale, War in Primitive Society, Santa Barbara, 1973, p. xxi
36 A. Vayda, War in Ecological Perspective, New York, 1976, pp. 9–42
37 Ibid., pp. 15–16
38 Ibid., pp. 16–17
39 J. Haas (ed.), The Anthropology of War, Cambridge, 1990, p. 172
40 P. Blau and W. Scott, Formal and Informal Organisations, San Francisco, 1962, pp. 30–2
41 M. Fried, Transactions of New York Academy of Sciences, Series 2, 28, 1966, pp. 529–45
42 J. Middleton and D. Tait, Tribes Without Rulers, London, 1958, pp. 1–31
43 R. Cohen, ‘Warfare and State Formation’, in Ferguson, op. cit., pp. 333–4
44 P. Kirch, The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms, Cambridge, 1984, pp. 147–8
45 Ibid., p. 81
46 Ibid., pp. 166–7
47 Vayda, op. cit., p. 115
48 Kirch, op. cit., pp. 209–11
49 Vayda, op. cit., p. 80
50 Turney-High, op. cit., p. 193: ‘The Caytes of the Brazilian coast ate every wrecked vessel’s crew. At one meal they ate the first Bishop of Bahia, two Canons, the Procurator of the Royal Portuguese Treasury, two pregnant women and several children.’
51 Ibid., pp. 189–90
52 I. Clendinnen, Aztecs, Cambridge, 1991, pp. 87–8
53 R. Hassing, ‘Aztec and Spanish Conquest in Mesoamerica’, in B. Ferguson and N. Whitehead, War in the Tribal Zone, Santa Fe, 1991, p. 85
54 Ibid., p. 86
55 Clendinnen, op. cit., p. 78
56 Ibid., p. 81
57 Ibid., p. 116
58 Ibid., p. 93
59 Ibid., pp. 94–5
60 Ibid., pp. 95–6
61 Ibid., pp. 25–7
62 I. Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests, Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1515–70, Cambridge, 1987, pp. 144, 148–9
63 J. Roberts, The Pelican History of the World, London, 1987, p. 21
64 Ibid., p. 31
65 H. Breuil and R. Lautier, The Men of the Old Stone Age, London, 1965, p. 71
66 Ibid., p. 69
67 Ibid., p. 20
68 Ibid., p. 69
69 A. Ferrill, op. cit., p. 18
70 W. Reid, Arms Through the Ages, New York, 1976, pp. 9–11
71 Breuil and Lautier, op. cit., p. 72
72 C. Robarchak, in Papers Presented to the Guggenheim Foundation Conference on the Anthropology of War, Santa Fe, 1986; also Robarchak, in Haas, op. cit., pp. 56–76
73 H. Obermaier, La vida de nuestros antepasados cuaternanos en Europa, Madrid, 1926
74 F. Wendorf, in F. Wendorf (ed.), The Prehistory of Nubia, II, Dallas, 1968, p. 959
75 Ferrill, op. cit., p. 22
76 M. Hoffman, Egypt Before the Pharaohs, London, 1988, pp. 87–9
77 Roberts, op. cit., p. 51
78 J. Mellaert, ‘Early Urban Communities in the Near East, 9000–3400 BC’, in P. Moorey (ed.), The Origins of Civilisation, Oxford, 1979, pp. 22–5
79 H. de la Croix, Military Considerations in City Planning, New York, 1972, p. 14
80 Y. Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands, London, 1963, p. 34
81 Mellaert, op. cit., p. 22
82 B. Kemp, Ancient Egypt. Anatomy of a Civilisation, London, 1983, p. 269
83 S. Piggott, ‘Early Towns in Europe’, in Moorey, op. cit., pp. 3, 44
84 H. Thomas, An Unfinished History of the World, London, pp. 19, 21
85 J. Bottero et al. (eds.), The Near East: The Early Civilisations, London, 1967, p. 44
86 Ibid., p. 6
87 Roberts, op. cit., p. 131
88 Hoffman, op. cit., pp. 331–2
89 Kemp, op. cit., pp. 168–72
90 Ibid., pp. 223–30
91 Ibid., p. 227
92 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 192–3
93 Kemp, op. cit., pp. 43, 225
94 Hoffman, op. cit., p. 116
95 W. Hayes, ‘Egypt from the Death of Ammanemes II to Seqenenre II’, in Cambridge Ancient History (3rd edition), Vol. II, Part 1, p. 73
96 Kemp, op. cit., p. 229
97 The first of the intermediate periods (2160–1991 BC) between the Old and Middle Kingdoms is held to have been an era of warmaking between local strongmen: a text of the period (quoted Bottero, op. cit., p. 337) reads, however, as follows: ‘I armed my bands of recruits and went into combat … There was no one else with me but my own troops, while [the mercenaries from Nubia and elsewhere] were united against me. I returned in triumph, my whole city with me, with no losses’; scarcely evidence that Egyptian domestic warfare was hard-fought.
98 Bottero, op. cit., pp. 70–1
99 W. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, Oxford, 1983, p. 5
100 J. Laessoe, People of Ancient Assyria, London, 1963, p. 16
101 Yadin, op. cit., p. 130
102 G. Roux, Ancient Iraq, New York, 1986, p. 129
103 P.J. Forbes, Metallurgy in Antiquity, Leiden, 1950, p. 321
104 Ibid., p. 255 and fig. 49
105 W. McNeill, A World History, New York, 1961, p. 34
106 R. Gabriel and K. Metz, From Sumer to Rome, New York, 1991, p. 9
FORTIFICATION
1 D. Petite, Le balcon de la Côte d’azure, Marignan, 1983, passim
2 A. Fox, Prehistoric Maori Fortifications, Auckland, 1974, pp. 28–9
3 F. Winter, Greek Fortifications, Toronto, 1971
4 N. Pounds, The Mediaeval Castle in England and Wales, Cambridge, 1990, p. 69
5 S. Johnson, Roman Fortifications on the Saxon Shore, London, 1977, p. 5
6 Kemp, op. cit., pp. 174–6
7 S. Piggott, ‘Early Towns in Europe’, in Moorey, op. cit., pp. 48–9
8 A. Hogg, Hill Forts of Britain, London, 1975, p. 17
9 Piggott, op. cit., p. 50
10 W. Watson, in Moorey, op. cit., p. 55
11 S. Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications, London, 1983, p. 20
12 E. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire, Baltimore, 1976, pp. 96, 102–4
13 B. Isaac, The Limits of Empire, Oxford, 1990; A. Horne, A Savage War of Peace, London, 1987, pp. 263–7
14 Q. Hughes, Military Architecture, London, 1974, pp. 187–90
15 C. Duffy, Siege Warfare, London, 1979, pp. 204–7
16 J. Fryer, The Great Wall of China, London, 1975, p. 104; A. Waldron, The Great Wall of China, Cambridge, 1992, pp. 5–6
17 O. Lattimore, ‘Origins of the Great Wall’, in Studies in Frontier History, London, 1962, pp. 97–118
18 J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, I, Cambridge, 1954, p. 144
19 S. Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications, Maps 25, 44, 46
20 P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, Oxford, 1984, p. 108
21 Ibid., p. 46
22 Pounds, op. cit., p. 19
23 Winter, op. cit., pp. 218–19
24 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 158–9, 393, 409
25 S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades, I, Cambridge, 1951, pp. 231–4
26 Pounds, op. cit., p. 115
27 Ibid., p. 213
3 FLESH
1 A. Azzarolli, An Early History of Horsemanship, London, 1985, pp. 5–6
2 S. Piggott, The Earliest Wheeled Transport, London, 1983, p. 87
3 Ibid., p. 39
4 Azzarolli, op. cit., p. 9
5 R. Sallares, The Ecology of the Ancient Greek World, London, 1991, pp. 396–7
6 Piggott, op. cit., pp. 64–84
7 W. McNeill, The Rise of the West, Chicago, 1963, p. 103
8 A. Friendly, The Dreadful Day, London, 1981, p. 27
9 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 150, 187
10 J. Guilmartin, op. cit., p. 152; P. Klopsteg, Turkish Archery and the Composite Bow, Evanstown, 1947
11 Yadin, op. cit., p. 455
12 Y. Garlan, War in the Ancient World, London, 1975, p. 90
13 O. Lattimore, op. cit., pp. 41–4
14 Piggott, op. cit., pp. 103–4
15 H. Creel, The Origins of Statecraft in China, Chicago, 1970, pp. 285–6
16 Guilmartin, op. cit., p. 157
17 Lattimore, op. cit., p. 53
18 Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 1, Cambridge, 1973, pp. 375–6
19 Laessoe, op. cit., pp. 87, 91
20 Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 1, pp. 54–64
21 J. Gernet, A History of Chinese Civilisation, Cambridge, 1982, pp. 40–5
22 H. Saggs, The Might That Was Assyria, London, 1984, p. 197
23 Ibid., pp. 199, 255
24 Ibid., p. 100
25 Ibid., p. 101
26 Ibid., p. 258
27 Creel, op. cit., pp. 258, 265
28 Ibid., p. 259
29 Ibid., pp. 266, 264
30 Robert Thurton, ‘The Prince Consort in Armour’, in M. Girouard, The Return of Camelot, New Haven, 1981; Hubert Lanzinger, ‘Hitler in Armour’, in P. Adam, The Arts of the Third Reich, London, 1992
31 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 100–3; Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. II, Part 1, pp. 444–51
32 Yadin, op. cit., pp. 103–14
33 Ibid., pp. 218–21
34 McNeill, The Rise of the West, p. 15
35 Saggs, op. cit., p. 169
36 J. Saunders, The History of the Mongol Conquests, London, 1991, pp. 9–10
37 Ibid., p. 14; Gernet, op. cit., pp. 4–5
38 W. McNeill, The Human Condition, Princeton, 1980, p. 47
39 D. Maenchen-Helfen, The World of the Huns, Berkeley, 1973, p. 187
40 Ibid., p. 267
41 Ibid., p. 184
42 Ibid., p. 180
43 J. Jakobsen and R. Adams, ‘Salt and Silt in Ancient Mesopotamian Agriculture’, Science, CXXVIII, 1958, p. 257
44 L. Kwantem, Imperial Nomads: A History of Central Asia, 500–1500, Leicester, 1979, p. 12
45 A. Jones, The Later Roman Empire, 284–602, Oxford, 1962, p. 157
46 J. Bury, A History of the Later Roman Empire, 1927, I, p. 300, n. 3
47 R. Lindner, ‘Nomadism, Horses and Huns’, Past and Present, 92 (1981), pp. 1–19
48 J. Lucas, Fighting Troops of the Austro-Hungarian Army, New York, 1987, p. 149
49 Marquess of Anglesey, A History of British Cavalry, IV, London, 1986, p. 297
50 Maenchen-Helfen, op. cit., pp. 152–3
51 P. Ratchnevsky, Genghis Khan, Oxford, 1991, p. 155
52 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 21; the Ephthalites appear to have spoken Tocharian, an extinct Indo-European language
53 Saunders, op. cit., p. 27
54 Ibid.
55 J. Keegan, The Mask of Command, London, 1988, p. 18
56 Ferrill, op. cit., p. 70
57 A. Hourani, A History of the Arab Peoples, London, 1991, p. 19
58 Koran 9: 125
59 P.M. Holt and others, Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. IA, Cambridge, 1977, pp. 87–92
60 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 42
61 Sallares, op. cit., p. 27
62 D. Hill, ‘The Role of the Camel and the Horse in the Early Arab Conquests’, in Parry and Yapp, op. cit., p. 36
63 Ibid., pp. 57–8
64 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 60
65 Ibid.
66 Pipes, op. cit., pp. 109–13
67 Ibid., p. 148
68 Saunders, op. cit., p. 37
69 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 61
70 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 150
71 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., p. 109
72 Kwantem, op. cit., pp. 12–13
73 Chen Ya-tien, Chinese Military Theory, Stevenage, 1992, pp. 21–30
74 Gernet, op. cit., p. 309
75 Ibid., p. 310
76 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 194–5
77 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 188
78 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 4–5
79 B. Manz, The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge, 1989, p. 4
80 Saunders, op. cit., pp. 196–9
81 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 192
82 Ibid., p. 108
83 Saunders, op. cit., p. 66
84 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 96–101
85 Cambridge History of Islam, op. cit., p. 158
86 Kwantem, op. cit., p. 159; S. Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. II, Cambridge, 1976, p. 184
87 D. Morgan, ‘The Mongols in Syria’, in P. Edburg (ed.), Crusade and Settlement, Cardiff, 1985, pp. 231–5
88 P. Thorau, ‘The Battle of Ain Jalut: A Re-examination’, in ibid., pp. 236–41
89 Ibid., p. 238
90 Manz, op. cit., pp. 14–16
91 B. Spuler, The Mongols in History, London, 1971, p. 80
92 Shaw, op. cit., I, p. 245
93 Ratchnevsky, op. cit., pp. 153–4
94 See Keegan, Mask of Command, esp. Chapter 2
95 C. Duffy, Russia’s Military Way to the West, London, 1981, p. 2
96 J. Fairbank, ‘Varieties of Chinese Military Experience’, in F. Kierman and J. Fairbank, Chinese Ways in Warfare, Cambridge, Mass., 1974
97 Ibid., p. 7
98 Ibid., p. 15
99 Ibid., p. 14
100 Gernet, op. cit., p. 493
ARMIES
1 Parkinson, op. cit., p. 176
2 J. Elting, Swords Around a Throne, London, 1989, Chapters 18–19
3 H. Roeder (ed.), The Ordeal of Captain Roeder, London, 1960
4 N. Jones, Hitler’s Heralds, London, 1987, passim
5 S. Andreski, Military Organisation and Society, London, 1968
6 W. McNeill, Plagues and People, New York, 1976
7 Andreski, op. cit., p. 33
8 Ibid., pp. 91–107, 75–90
9 Ibid., p. 26
10 Seaton, op. cit., p. 57
11 Andreski, op. cit., p. 27
12 Ibid., p. 37
13 M. Lewis, The Navy of Britain, London, 1948, pp. 128–44
14 G. Jones, A History of the Vikings, Oxford, 1984, p. 211
15 Manz, op. cit., p. 17
16 Ratchnetsky, op. cit., p. 66
17 Hourani, op. cit., pp. 139–40
18 S. Blondal, The Varangians of Byzantium, Cambridge, 1978, p. 230–5
19 P. Mansel, Pillars of Monarchy, London, 1984, p. 1
20 Garlan, op cit., p. 95
21 M. Mallet, Mercenaries and their Masters, London, 1974, pp. 60–1
22 L. Keppie, The Making of the Roman Army, London, 1984, p. 17
23 P. Paret (ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 19
24 W. Doyle, The Oxford History of the French Revolution, 1989, pp. 204–5
4 IRON
1 R.J. Forbes, Metallurgy in Antiquity, London, 1950, p. 380
2 Ibid., pp. 418–19
3 R. Oakeshott, The Archaeology of Weapons, London, 1960, pp. 40–2
4 N. Sandars, The Sea Peoples, London, 1985, pp. 56–8
5 P. Greenhalgh, Early Greek Warfare, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 10–11
6 Ibid., pp. 1–2
7 N. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 BC, Oxford, 1959, p. 73
8 Ibid., p. 81
9 Ibid., p. 99
10 Ibid., p. 100
11 Ibid., p. 101
12 V. Hanson, The Western Way of War, New York, 1989
13 V. Hanson, Warfare and Agriculture in Classical Greece, Pisa, 1983, p. 59
14 Ibid., pp. 50–4
15 Ibid., p. 42
16 Ibid., pp. 67–74
17 Hanson, Western Way, p. 6
18 Ibid., pp. 4, 34
19 M. Finley and H. Plaket, The Olympic Games, New York, 1976, p. 19
20 D. Sansome, Greek Athletics and the Genesis of Sport, Berkeley, 1988, pp. 19, 50–3, 63
21 M. Poliakoff, Combat Sports in the Ancient World, New Haven, 1987, pp. 93, 96
22 Finley and Plaket, op. cit., p. 21
23 Poliakoff, op. cit., pp. 93–4
24 A. Snodgrass, ‘The Hoplite Reform and History’, Journal of Hellenic Studies, 85 (1965), pp. 110–22
25 M. Jameson, ‘Sacrifice before Battle’, in V. Hanson (ed.), Hoplites, London, 1991, p. 220
26 E. Wheeler, ‘The General as Hoplite’, in ibid., pp. 150–4
27 J. Lazenby, ‘The Killing Zone’, in ibid., p. 88
28 Hanson, Western Way, p. 185
29 Ibid., pp. 64–5
30 Ibid., pp. 180–1
31 Ibid., p. 36
32 Ibid., p. 4
33 Roberts, op. cit., p. 178
34 E. Wood, Peasant, Citizen and Slave, London, 1981, pp. 42–4
35 Hanson, Western Way, pp. 10, 16
36 Sandars, op. cit., pp. 125–31
37 Garlan, op. cit., pp. 130–1
38 Hammond, op. cit., pp. 289–90
39 Ibid., pp. 661–2
40 Keegan, Mask of Command, pp. 78–9
41 Ibid., p. 80
42 Ibid., p. 82
43 Hammond, op. cit., p. 615
44 L. Keppie, op. cit.
45 Hammond, op. cit., p. 236
46 Keppie, op. cit., p. 18
47 W. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, Oxford, 1979, pp. 54–67
48 Ibid., p. 56
49 Ibid., p. 51
50 Ibid., p. 48
51 Keppie, op. cit., p. 18
52 Harris, op. cit., pp. 44–6
53 Ibid., pp. 11–12
54 Keppie, op. cit., p. 53
55 J. Keegan, The Face of Battle, London, 1976, p. 65
56 G. Watson, The Roman Soldier, London, 1985, pp. 72–4
57 Van der Heyden and Scullard, op. cit., p. 125
58 Keppie, op. cit., pp. 61–2
59 J. Balsdon, Rome, London, 1970, p. 91
60 A. Ferrill, The Fall of the Roman Empire, London, 1986, p. 25
61 Luttwak, op. cit., pp. 191–4
62 D. Breeze and B. Dobson, Hadrian’s Wall, London, 1976, pp. 247–8
63 Balsdon, op. cit., pp. 90–1
64 Ferrill, Fall of the Roman Empire, pp. 48–9
65 Ibid., p. 140
66 Ibid., p. 160
67 J. Fuller, The Decisive Battles of the Western World, London, 1954, pp. 307–29
68 A. Jones, The Decline of the Ancient World, London, 1966, pp. 297–9
69 Ibid., p. 102
70 J. Beeler, War in Feudal Europe, 730–1200, Ithaca, 1991, pp. 2–5
71 Ibid., p. 17
72 M. Van Crefeld, Technology and War, London, 1991, p. 18
73 Ibid., p. 20
74 Beeler, op. cit., pp. 228–32
75 Johnson, Late Roman Fortifications, pp. 8–16
76 G. Jones, Vikings, pp. 182–92
77 Ibid., p. 76
78 H. Cowdray, ‘The Genesis of the Crusades’, in T. Murphy (ed.), The Holy War, Columbus, 1976, pp. 17–18
79 Beeler, op. cit., p. 12
80 Runciman, op. cit., pp. 106–8
81 Ibid., pp. 91–2
82 R. Smail, Crusading Warfare, Cambridge, 1956, pp. 115–20
83 Ibid., p. 202
84 G. Sainty, The Order of St John, New York, 1991, pp. 105
85 P. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages, p. 75
86 Ewart, op. cit., pp. 283–4
87 Smail, op. cit., pp. 165–8
LOGISTICS AND SUPPLY
1 Watson, op. cit., pp. 63–5
2 P. Liddle, The 1916 Battle of the Somme, London, 1992, p. 39
3 J. Thompson, No Picnic, London, 1992, p. 89
4 Keegan, Mask of Command, p. 134
5 Luttwak, op. cit., map 2.2
6 C. Callwell, Small Wars: Their Principles and Practice, London, 1899, p. 40
7 T. Derry and T. Williams, A Short History of Technology, Oxford, 1960, p. 433
8 R. Chevallier, Roman Roads, London, 1976, p. 152
9 Piggott, op. cit., p. 345
10 Keegan, Mask of Command, p. 114
11 D. Engels, Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army, Berkeley, 1978, p. 112
12 M. Grant, The Army of the Caesars, London, 1974, p. xxiii
13 Deny and Williams, op. cit., pp. 691–5
14 B. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb, Baton Rouge, 1918, p. 92
15 J. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, New York, 1988, pp. 11–12
16 Ibid., pp. 424–7
17 D. Showalter, Railroads and Rifles, Hamden, 1975, p. 67
18 J. Edmonds, A Short History of World War I, Oxford, 1951, pp. 9–10
19 J. Piekalkiewicz, Pferd und Reiter im II Weltkrieg, Munich, 1976, p. 4
20 J. Beaumont, Comrades in Arms, London, 1980, p. 208
21 J. Thompson, The Lifeblood of War, London, 1991, p. 38
22 McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 322, 324, 329
23 Watson, op. cit., p. 51
24 Derry and Williams, op. cit., p. 269
25 McNeill, Pursuit of Power, pp. 166–7
26 Ibid., p. 170
27 Ibid., p. 238
28 Ibid., p. 290
29 A. Milward, War, Economy and Society, 1939–45, London, 1977, pp. 64–9, 76
30 D. Van der Vat, The Atlantic Campaign, London, 1988, pp. 229, 270, 351
5 FIRE
1 Derry and Wells, op. cit., pp. 268–9, 514
2 J. Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, I, Cambridge, 1954, p. 134
3 McNeill, Pursuit of Power, p. 39
4 Ibid., pp. 82–3
5 Duffy, Siege Warfare, pp. 8–9
6 Ibid., p. 9
7 Ibid., p. 15
8 Ibid., p. 25
9 Ibid., pp. 29–31
10 Mallet, op. cit., p. 253
11 Duffy, Siege Warfare, p. 40
12 Ibid., pp. 41–2
13 Ibid., p. 61
14 Ibid., p. 64
15 G. Parker, The Military Revolution, Cambridge, 1988, p. 17
16 Ibid., p. 17
17 Mallet, op. cit., pp. 254–5
18 Grant, op. cit., pp. 15–16
19 Hale, Renaissance War Studies, p. 396
20 J. Hale, War and Society in Renaissance Europe, Leicester, 1985, p. 96
21 G. Parker, The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road, Cambridge, 1972, pp. 27–9
22 Guilmartin, op. cit., p. 207
23 Ibid., pp. 251–2
24 Lewis, op. cit., pp. 76–80
25 Guilmartin, op. cit., pp. 8–11
26 Weigley, op. cit., pp. 15–16
27 Ibid., pp. 76–7
28 Watson, op. cit., pp. 57–9
29 C. Duffy, The Military Experience in the Age of Reason, London, 1989
30 G. and A. Parker, European Soldiers 1550–1650, Cambridge, 1977, pp. 14–15
31 Hale, War and Society, p. 87
32 A. Corvisier, Armies and Society in Europe, Bloomington, 1979, pp. 54–60
33 Hale, Renaissance War Studies, pp. 285, 237–42
34 Weigley, op. cit., p. 44
35 Shaw, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 113–14
36 B. Lenman, ‘The Transition to European Military Ascendancy in India’, in J. Lynn, Tools of War, Chicago, 1990, p. 106
37 Doyle, op. cit., pp. 67–71
38 J. Galvin, The Minute Men, McLean, 1989, pp. 27–33
39 J. Lynn, ‘En avant: The Origins of the Revolutionary Attack’, in Lynn, op. cit., pp. 168–9
40 Elting, op. cit., pp. 123–56
41 Weigley, op. cit., p. 265
42 Lynn, in Lynn, op. cit., p. 167
43 F. Gilbert, ‘Machiavelli’, in P. Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 31
44 B. Liddell Hart, The Ghost of Napoleon, London, 1933, pp. 118–29
45 McNeill, Pursuit of Power, op. cit., p. 254
46 R. Challener, The French Theory of the Nation in Arms, New York, 1955, p. 58
47 M. Eksteins, Rites of Spring, New York, 1989, p. 93
48 C. Jones, The Longman Companion to the French Revolution, London, 1989, pp. 156, 287
49 T. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the American Civil War, Bloomington, 1957, pp. 7–8
50 McPherson, op. cit., p. 9
51 Duffy, Experience of War, p. 209
52 A. Corvisier, ‘Le moral des combattants, panique et enthousiasme’, in Revue historique des armées, 3, 1977, pp. 7–32
53 Elting, op. cit., pp. 30–1, 143
54 T. Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War, Cambridge, 1986, p. 757
55 A. Horne, To Lose a Battle, London, 1969, p. 26
56 R. Larson, The British Army and the Theory of Armoured Warfare 1918–40, Newark, 1984, p. 34
57 Keegan, Mask of Command, p. 238
58 A. Bullock, Hitler and Stalin, London, 1991, p. 259
59 Ibid., p. 358
60 C. Barnett (ed.), Hitler’s Generals, London, 1989, pp. 444–5
61 Keegan, Mask of Command, p. 235
62 G. Welchman, The Hut Six Story, London, 1982, pp. 19–20
63 Keegan, Mask of Command, p. 302
64 Ibid., p. 286
65 T. Taylor, The Breaking Wave, London, 1967, pp. 114–15
66 Ibid., p. 97
67 K. Wakefield (ed.), The Blitz Then and Now, London, 1988, p. 8
68 O. Bartov, The Eastern Front 1941–5, Basingstoke, 1985, pp. 107–19
69 D. Kahn, Seizing the Enigma, London, 1991, pp. 245–58
70 W. Murray, Luftwaffe, London, 1985, pp. 8–12
71 J. Terraine, The Right of the Line, London, 1985, p. 474
72 R. Spector, Eagle Against the Sun, London, 1984, pp. 79–82
73 R. Connaughton, The War of the Rising Sun and the Tumbling Bear, London, 1988, pp. 166–7
74 Spector, op. cit., pp. 259–67
75 N. Longmate, Hitler’s Rockets, London, 1985, p. 59
76 M. Gilbert, Second World War, London, 1989, pp. 20–1
77 L. Freedman, The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy, London, 1989, p. 16
78 Ibid., p. 19
79 Ibid.
80 Ibid., p. 246
81 G. Draper, ‘Grotius’ Place in the Development of Legal Ideas about War’, in H. Bull et al. (eds.), Hugo Grotius and International Relations, Oxford, 1990, pp. 201–2
82 G. Best, Humanity in Warfare, London, 1980, pp. 150–1