Publication details of most of the cited works will be found in the bibliography.
The following abbreviations refer to works listed in the General section of the bibliography:
CEHI – The Cambridge Economic History of India, vol.1, c1200-c1750 (ed. Raychaudhuri, T. and Habib, I.)
HCIP – The History and Culture of the Indian People (ed. Majumdar, R.C. et al)
HOIBIOH – The History of India as Told by its Own Historians (ed. Elliot, H.M. and Dowson, J.)
NCHI – The New Cambridge History of India (ed. Johnson, G. et al)
INTRODUCTION
1 Majumdar, R.C., in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’ p.47
2 Keay, J., India Discovered, HarperCollins, London, 1988
3 Stein, B., A History of India, Blackwell, Oxford, 1998, p.5
4 Braudel, F. (trans. Maine, R.), A History of Civilisations, Penguin, New York, 1993, p.217
CHAPTER 1
1 Adapted from the Satapatha Brahmana as rendered by A.D. Pusalkar, in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’, pp.271–2
2 Thapar, R., ‘The Study of Society in Ancient India’, in Ancient Indian Social History, p.212
3 Bhandarkar, D.R., quoted in Possehl, G. (ed.), Harappan Civilisation, p.405
4 Allchin, B. and F.R., Birth of Indian Civilisation, p.131
5 Ibid, p.132
6 Ghosh, A., The City in Early Historical India, p.83
7 Lal, B.B., ‘The Indus Civilisation’, in Basham, A.L. (ed.), A Cultural History of India, p.16
8 Pusalker, A.D., in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’, p.181
9 Ratnagar, S., Enquiries into the Political Organisation of Harappan Society, p.152
10 Ratnagar, S., Encounters: The Westerly Trade of the Harappan Civilisation, p.247
CHAPTER 2
1 Thapar, R., ‘The Image of the Barbarian in Early India’, repr. in Ancient Indian Social History, p.140
2 Thapar, R., ‘The Study of Society in Ancient India’, repr. in ibid, p.190
3 Asiatick Researches, vol.1, 1788, quoted in Keay, John, India Discovered, p.30
4 Muller, F. Max, Chips from a German Workshop, vol.1, 1867, p.63
5 Wheeler, R.E. Mortimer, ‘Harappan Chronology and the Rig Veda’, repr. in Possehl, G.L. (ed.), Ancient Cities of the Indus, p.291
6 Dales, G.F., ‘The Mythical Massacre at Mohenjo Daro’, repr. in ibid, p.293
7 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, The HistoryOf India etc., p.54
8 Majumdar, R.C., Ancient India, p.30
9 Ghosh, B.K., ‘Language and Literature’, in ‘The Age of the Rik-Samhita’, bk v in HCIP, vol.1, ‘The Vedic Age’, pp.347-8
10 Rig Veda, Mandala I, 175
CHAPTER 3
1 Kosambi, D.D., The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline, p.89
2 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, p.2
3 Ibid, p.146
4 Ghosh, A., The City in Early Historical India, p.34
5 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, pp.16-17
6 Quoted in Meyer, J.T., Sexual Life in Ancient India
7 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, p.22
8 Ibid, p.134
9 Sharma, J.P., Republics in Ancient India, p.9
10 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, p.73
11 Ghosh A., The City in Early Historical India, p.64
12 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, pp.102-3
13 Rig Veda, X, 90
14 Thapar, R., From Lineage to State, p.170
15 Spelman, J.W., Political Theory of Ancient India, p.69
CHAPTER 4
1 Mountbatten, quoted in Collins, L. and Lapierre, D., Mountbatten and the Partition of India, p.70
2 Lane Fox, R., Alexander the Great, p.56
3 Marshall, J., Taxila, vol.1, p.12
4 Basham, A.L., The Wonder that was India, p.390
5 Bechert, H., in When did the Buddha Live?: The Controversy of the Dating ofthe Historical Buddha (ed. Bechert, H.), p.286
6 Sharma, J.P., The Republics in Ancient India, pp.123-4
7 Mookerji, R.K., in HCIP, vol.2, ‘The Age of Imperial Unity’, p.25
8 Thapar, R., A History of India, vol.1, p.59
9 Majumdar, R.C., Ancient India, p.101
10 Lane Fox, R., Alexander the Great, p.331
11 Mookerji, R.K., in HCIP, vol.2, ‘The Age of Imperial Unity’, p.44
CHAPTER 5
1 Asiatick Researches, 1793, quoted in Keay, J., India Discovered, p.35
2 Wells, H.G., A Short History of the World, 1922, repr. Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1946, p.114
3 Kautilya (ed. and trans. Rangarajan, L.N. etc.), The Arthasastra, p.21
4 Trautmann, Thomas R., Kautilya and the Arthasastra, p.186
5 Fergusson, J., A History of Indian Architecture, London, 1897
6 Yazdani, G., The Early History of the Deccan, vol.1, p.69
7 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History …, 1975, preface and pp.17–53
8 Tod, James, Travels in Western India, W.H. Allen, London, 1839, p.76
9 Prinsep, James, in Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, vol.8, 1838, quoted in Keay, John, India Discovered, p.53
10 As trans. in Thapar, Romila, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, p.256
11 Mookerji, R.K., ‘Asoka the Great’, in HCIP, vol.2, ‘The Age of Imperial Unity’, p.74
12 Wells, H.G., A Short History of the World, 1922, repr. Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1946, p.115
13 Kautilya (ed. and trans. Rangarajan, L.N. etc.), The Arthasastra, p.741
14 McCrindle, J.W., Ancient India as Described by Megasthenes and Arrian, Trubner, London, 1877, p.84
15 As trans. in Thapar, Romila, Asoka and the Decline of the Mauryas, p.254
16 Ibid, p.266
17 Thapar, R., ‘Asokan India and the Gupta Age’, in Basham, A.L. (ed.), A Cultural History of India, p.42
CHAPTER 6
1 Narain, A.K., The Indo-Greeks, p.viii
2 Kulke, H. and Rothermund, D., A History of India, p.83
3 S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha, A Comprehensive History of India, vol.2, The Mauryas and the Satavahanas, p.102
4 Thapar, Romila, A History of India, vol.1, p.93
5 Narain, A.K., The Indo-Greeks, p.11
6 Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, p.70
7 Bagchi, P.C., India and China: A Thousand Years of Cultural Relations, p.10
8 Dani, A.H., Human Records on the Karakoram Highway, p.49
9 Ibid, p.77
10 S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha, A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vjayanagar, 1955, p.130
11 Hart, George L., ‘Ancient Tamil Literature: Its Scholarly Past and Future’, in Stein, Burton (ed.), Essay son South India, pp.41-2
12 Maloney, Clarence, ‘Archaeology in South India: Accomplishments and Prospects’, in ibid, p.24
13 Wheeler, R.E. Mortimer, Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers, p.147
14 Glover, I.C., Early Trade Relations Between India and South East Asia, pp.47-8
15 Coedes, G., The Indianised States of Southeast Asia, p.18
16 Quoted in Sarkar, H.B., Cultural Relations Between India and Southeast Asian Countries, p.87
17 Quoted in Coedes, G., The Indianised States etc., p.37
18 Ray, Himanshu Prabha, Monastery and Guild: Commerce Under theSatavahanas, p.108
CHAPTER 7
1 Williams, L.F. Rushbrook (ed.), A Handbook for Travellers in India,Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and SriLanka, p.278
2 Banerjea, J.N., ‘The Satraps of Northern and Western India’, in S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha (ed.), A Comprehensive History of India, vol.2, p.283
3 Ghoshal, U.N., ‘Political Organisation (Post-Mauryan)’, in ibid, p.350
4 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, p.285
5 Ibid, p.279
6 Ibid, p.286
7 Bagchi, P.C. and Raghavan, V., ‘Language and Literature’, in S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha (ed), A Comprehensive History of India, vol.2, pp.632-3
8 Smith, V.A., The Early History of India, p.266
9 Majumdar, R.C., ‘The Rise of the Guptas’, in HCIP, vol.3, ‘The Classical Age’, p.4
10 Fleet, J.F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, vol.3, ‘Inscriptions of the Early Gupta Kings and their Successors’, pp.10—17
11 Smith, V.A., The Early History of India, p.274
12 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction etc., p.313
13 Mookerji, R.K., The Gupta Empire, p.38
14 Inden, R., Imagining India, pp.239-40
15 See Williams, J.G., The Art of Gupta India, p.25
16 Beal, S., in H[i]euen Tsang, Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records of the Western World, vol.1, pp.xxxvii—xxxviii
17 Ibid, p.lvii
18 Altekar, A.S., ‘Religion and Philosophy’, in The Vakataka-GuptaAge (ed. Majumdar, R.C. and Altekar, A.S.), p.341
19 Devahuti, D., Harsha, A Political Study, pp.114-15
20 Quoted in Keay, J., India Discovered, pp.151-2
21 Williams, J.G., The Art of Gupta India, p.3
22 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.87
23 Basham. A.L., The Wonder that was India, p.442
24 Keith, A.B., A History of Sanskrit Literature, p.94
25 Kosambi, D.D., An Introduction etc., p.284
CHAPTER 8
1 Kosambi, D.D., The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India, p.191
2 Gaur, A., Indian Charters on Copper Plates in the Department of Oriental Manuscripts and Books, p.viii
3 Fleet, J.F., Corpus Inscriptionum Indicum etc., p.169
4 H[i]euen Tsang (trans. Beal, S.), Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records etc., vol.1, pp.120, 137
5 See Sudhir Ranjan Das, ‘Types of Land in North-Eastern India (from the Fourth Century to the Seventh Century)’, in Chattopadhyaya, B. (ed.) Essays in Ancient Indian Economic History, pp.62—3
6 Basham, A.L., The Wonder that was India, p.449
7 Devahuti, D., Harsha etc., p.71
8 Bana (trans. Cowell, E.R. and Thomas, F.W.), Harsa-Carita
9 H[i]euen Tsang (trans. Beal, S.), Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records etc., vol.1, p.213
10 Ibid, vol.2, p.256
11 Michell, G., Monuments of India, vol.1, p.332
12 Satianathaier, R., ‘Dynasties of South India’, in HCIP, vol.4, ‘The Classical Age’, p.262
13 Coedes, G., The Indianised States of South East Asia, p.66
14 Lamb, A., ‘Indian Influence in South East Asia’, in A Cultural History of India (ed. Basham, A.L.), p.446
15 Smithies, M., Yogyakarta, p.60
16 Dumarcay, J., The Temples of Java, p.5
17 Inden, R., Imagining India, p.230
CHAPTER 9
1 H[i]euen Tsang, Si-Yu-Ki, Buddhist Records etc., vol.2, pp.272-3
2 Chach-nama or Tarikh-i Hind wa Sind, in HOIBIOH (ed. Elliot, H.M. and Dowson, J.), vol.1, pp.142—4
3 Al-Biladuri, in HOIBIOH, vol.1, p.119
4 Majumdar, R.C., ‘Northern India during AD 650—750’, in HCIP, vol.3 ‘The Classical Age’, p.170
5 Chach-nama etc., as above, pp.209-11
6 Al-Biladuri quoted in Ray, H.C., The Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.1, p.12
7 See Puri, B.N., The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, pp.445—6
8 Quoted in Thapar, R., A History of India, vol.1, p.239
9 See Inden, R., Imagining India, pp.217—28
10 Suleiman, in HOIBIOH, vol.1, p.7
11 Altekar, A.S., ‘The Rashtrakutas’, in The Early History of the Deccan (ed. Yazdani, G.), vol.1, p.256
12 As rendered in Inden, R., Imagining India, p.260
13 Puri, B.N., The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, p.94
14 Majumdar, R.C., ‘The Palas’, in HCIP, vol.4, ‘The Imperial Age of Kanauj’, p.53
15 Williams, L.F. Rushbrook (ed.), A Handbook for Travellers etc., p.698
16 Munshi, K.M., in HCIP, vol.4, The Imperial Age of Kanauj, p.xiv
17 Majumdar, R.C., Ancient India, p.266
18 See Altekar, A.S., ‘The Rashtrakutas’, in The Early History of the Deccan etc., vol.1, p.273
19 Inden, R., Imagining India, p.259
CHAPTER 10
1 Sulaiman, as quoted in HOIBIOH, vol.1, p.4
2 Tabaqat-i-Akbari, as quoted in Ray, H.C., The Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.1, p.81
3 Al-Utbi, Shahr-i Tarikhi Yamini, as quoted in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.20
4 Ferishta (trans. Dow, A.), The History of Hindoostan, vol.1, p.34
5 Al-Utbi, as above, p.48
6 Ibn Asir, Kamilu-t Tawarikh, quoted in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.470
7 Ferishta, The History of Hindoostan etc., vol.1, pp.33—4
8 Al-Biruni, quoted in Ganguly, D.C., ‘Ghaznavid Invasion’, in HCIP, vol.5, p.17
9 Keay, J., India Discovered, pp.98—9
10 See Punja, S., Divine Ecstasy: The Story of Khajuraho
11 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.311
12 Champakalakshmi, R., ‘State and Economy: South India c.AD 400-1300’, in Recent Perspectives of Early Indian History (ed. Thapar, R.), p.282
13 Duby, G. (trans. Clarke, H.B.), The Early Growth of the European Economy:Warriors and Peasants from the Seventh to the Twelfth Century, Ithaca, 1974, pp.51-2
14 Spencer, G.W., The Politics of Expansion: The Chola Conquest of SriLanka and Sri Vijaya, p.11
15 Karashima, N., South Indian Historyand Society: Studies from InscriptionsAD 850—1800, pp.37—40
16 Narayanan, M.G.S. and Kesuvan Veluthat, ‘Bhakti Movement in South India’, in Indian Movements: Some Aspects of Dissent, Protest and Reform (ed. Malik, S.), p.37
17 Champakalakshmi, R., ‘State and Economy’, as above, p.298
18 Spencer, G.W., The Politics of Expansion etc., p.39
19 S[h]astri, K.A. Nilakantha, The Colas
20 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., pp.321-5
21 Verma, H.C., ‘The Ghaznavid Invasions, Part 2’, in The Indian History Congress, A Comprehensive History of India, vol.4, pt 1 (ed. Sharma, R.S.), p.365
22 Sharma, R.S., Indian Feudalism, pp.195-6
23 Quoted in Ray, H.C., The Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.2, p.857
24 Keith, A.B., A History of Sanskrit Literature, p.53
25 Sharma, D., ‘The Paramaras of Malwa’, in Indian History Congress, A Comprehensive History of India’, vol.5, pp.420-2
CHAPTER 11
1 Yule, H. and Burnell, A.C., Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, p.754
2 Ferishta (trans. Briggs, J.), The Historyof the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, vol.1, p.xx and e.g. p.175
3 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rajas’than, vol.1, p.155
4 Ray, H.C., Dynastic History of Northern India, vol.2, p.1086
5 Elliot, H.M. and Dowson, J. (eds), HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.251
6 Nizami, K.A., Some Aspects of Religion and Politics in India during theThirteenth Century, pp.76-7
7 Ferishta (trans. Briggs), History of the Rise etc., vol.1, p.177
8 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities etc., vol.1, p.210
9 Nizami, Khaliq Ahmed, Some Aspects etc., p.91
10 Munshi, K.M., in HCIP, vol.5, The Struggle for Empire, p.xv
11 Minhaju-s Siraj, Tabakat-i Nasiri, in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.329
12 Habib, I., in CEHI, p.67
13 Nizami, K.A., Some Aspects etc., p.90
14 Nigam, S.B.P., The Nobility Under the Sultans, p.183
15 Minhaju-s Siraj, Tabakat-i Nasiri, in HOIBIOH, vol.2, p.306
16 Abu Imam, ‘Bengal in History’, in India: History and Thought (ed. Mukherjee, S.N.), pp.76-7
17 Minhaju-s Siraj etc., as above, p.332
18 Habib, I., as above, p.78
19 Ziau-u Din Barani, Tarikh-i Feroz Shahi, in HOIBIOH, vol.3, p.103
20 Ferishta (trans. Dow), The History of Hindoostan, vol.1, p.197
21 Derrett, J.D.M., The Hoysalas, p.33
22 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.155
23 Ibid, p.163
24 Venkataramanyya, N., The Early Muslim Expansion in South India, p.31
25 Ibid, p.57
26 Digby, S., in CEHI, p.97
27 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.204
28 Lal, K.S., History of the Khaljis, p.275
29 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.195
30 Ferishta (trans. Dow), The History of Hindoostan, vol.1, p.267
CHAPTER 12
1 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.235
2 Majumdar, R.C. et al, An Advanced History of India, p.317
3 Ibn Batuta (Muhammad ibn ‘Abd Allah) (trans. Gibb, H.A.R.), Travels in Africa and Asia, p.196
4 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., pp.241—2
5 Majumdar, R.C., ‘Muhammad Bin Tughluq’, in HCIP, vol.6, The Delhi Sultanate, p.64
6 Ziau-d Din Barani, Tarikh-i-Feroz Shahi etc., p.238
7 Digby, S., in CEHI, p.97
8 Husain, A.M., The Rise and Fall of Muhammad Bin Tughluq, p.134
9 Ibn Batuta etc., Travels etc., p.204
10 Shams-i Siraj Afif, Tarikh-i Firoz Shahi, in HOIBIOH, vol.3, p.312
11 Davies, P., The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, vol.2, p.138
12 Malfuzat-i Timuri (Autobiography of Timur), in HOIBIOH, vol.3, p.446
13 Ibn Batuta etc., Travels etc., p.207
14 Polo, Marco (trans. and ed. Yule, H.), The Book of Ser Marco Polo, vol.2, p.313
15 ‘The Travels of Athanasius Nikitin’, in India in the Fifteenth Century (ed. Major, R.H.), p.8
16 ‘Narrative of the Journey of Abd-er-Razzak’, in ibid, p.31
17 Ferishta (trans. Dow), The History of Hindoostan, vol.2, p.292
18 Haroon Khan Sherwani, ‘The Bahmani Kingdom’, in The Indian History Congress, A Comprehensive History of India, vol.5, pt ii, p.974
19 ‘The Travels of Athanasius Nikitin’, in India in the Fifteenth Century etc., pp.23-8
20 Harle, J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.429
21 Tod, J., Annals etc., vol.1, p.231
CHAPTER 13
1 Ferishta (trans. Briggs), History of the Rise etc., vol.1, p.579
2 Lal, K.S., Twilight of the Sultanate, p.176
3 Ibid, p.180
4 Ross, D., Cambridge History of India, vol.5, p.236
5 Babur (trans. Beveridge, A.S.), Babur-nama, vol.2, p.459
6 Ibid, p.463
7 Ibid, p.477
8 Tod, J., Annals etc., vol.1, p.245
9 Babur, Babur-nama etc., vol.2, pp.628, 637
10 Ferishta (trans. Briggs), History of the Rise etc., vol.2, p.70
11 Ibid, p.79
12 Richards, J.F., ‘The Mughal Empire’, in NCHI, Pt 1, vol.5, p.11
13 Habib, I., ‘Monetary System and Prices’, in CEHI, p.360
14 Harle J.C., Art and Architecture etc., p.427
15 Babur, Babur-nama etc., vol.2, p.482
16 Stein, B., Vijayanagara, in NCHI, pt 1, vol.2, p.30
17 Paes, D., in Sewell, R., A Forgotten Empire, pp.246-7
18 Majumdar, R.C. et al, An Advanced History of India, p.366
19 Stein, B., Vijayanagara etc., p.43
20 Pearson, M.N., The Portuguese in India, in NCHI, pt 1, vol.1, p.29
21 Sewell, R., A Forgotten Empire, p.207
22 Abu’l-Fazl (trans. Beveridge, H.), Akbar-nama, vol.1, pp.620-1
23 Lane-Poole, S., The History of the Moghul Emperors of Hindustan Illustrated by their Coins, Constable, London, 1892, p.lii
24 Abu’l-Fazl, Akbar-nama etc., vol.2, p.59
25 Ibid, pp.62-4
26 Ibid, vol.1, pp.27—8
27 Ibid, vol.2, pp.271—2
28 Ibid, p.236
29 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.23
30 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities etc., vol.1, p.253
CHAPTER 14
1 See especially CEHI
2 Babur, Tuzak-i Babari (Babur-nama), in HOIBIOH, vol.4, p.223
3 Habib, I., ‘North India’, in ‘Agrarian Relations and Land Revenue’, CEHI, p.238
4 Bernier, F. (trans. Constable, A.), Travels in the Mogol Empire AD 1656-1668, pp.225—7
5 Raychaudhuri, T., ‘The Mughal Empire’, in ‘The State and the Economy’, CEHI, p.173
6 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.63
7 Raychaudhuri, T., in CEHI, p.179
8 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.86
9 Roe, Sir T. (ed. Foster, W.), The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to India,1615-19, pp.283-4
10 Bernier, F., Travels etc., p.222
11 Thevenot, J. de, ‘The Third Part of the Travels’, in Indian Travels of Thevenot and Careri (ed. Surendranath Sen), p-7
12 Jehangir, Waki’at-i Jahangiri, in HOIBIOH, vol.6, pp.292, 385
13 See Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities, vol.1, pp.278-92
14 Jehangir, Waki’at-i Jahangiri etc., p.374
15 Roe, Sir T., The Embassy etc., pp.270, 337
16 Asher, C.B., Architecture of Mughal India, in NCHI Pt 1, vol.4, p.200
17 Mundy, P., The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608-67, vol.2, p.213
18 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.127
19 Sarkar, J., History of Aurangzib, vol.1, p.302
20 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.152
21 Khafi Khan, Muntakhabu-l Lubab, in HOIBIOH, vol.7, p.246
22 Khafi Khan (ed. and trans. Moinul Haq, S.), History of Alamgir, p.159
23 See Moinul Haq, S., introduction to ibid, p.xxvii
24 Bernier, F., Travels etc., p.334
25 Khafi Khan, Muntakhabu-l etc., p.296
26 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.178
27 Gascoigne, B., The Great Moghuls, p.227
28 Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities, vol.1, p.302
CHAPTER 15
1 Gordon, S., The Marathas 1600-1818, in NCHI, pt 2, vol.4, p.67
2 Khafi Khan, History of Alamgir etc., pp.122-4
3 Ibid, p.125
4 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.74
5 Sardesai, G., ‘Shivaji’, in HCIP, vol.7, The Mughal Empire, p.264
6 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.92
7 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.220
8 As quoted in Gascoigne, B., The Great Moghuls, p.238
9 Khafi Khan, Muntakhubu-l Lulab, in HOIBIOH, vol.7, p.485
10 Richards, J.F., The Mughal Empire etc., p.256
11 Muzaffar Alam, The Crisis of Empire in Mughal North India: Awadh and the Punjab, 1707—48, p.134
12 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire, in NCHI, pt 2, vol.1, p.3
13 ‘The Mahratta Manuscripts’, as quoted in Duff, J.C. Grant, A History of the Mahrattas, vol.1, p.322
14 Khafi Khan, Muntakhubu-l Lubab, in HOIBIOH, vol.7, p.432
15 Gordon, Stewart, The Marathas etc., p.110
16 Khafi Khan, Muntakhubu-l Lubab etc., P.483
17 Ghulam Husain, Siyar-ul-Mutakherin, as quoted in Majumdar, R.C. et al, An Advanced History of India, p.529
18 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.114
19 Duff, J.C. Grant, History of the Mahrattas, vol.1, p.354
20 Hunter, W.W., History of India, vol.7, p.284
21 As quoted in Keay, J., The Honourable Company, pp.145—7
22 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire etc., p.48
23 Marshall, P.J., Bengal: The British Bridgehead, in NCHI, pt 2, vol.2, p.55
24 As quoted in Keay, J., The Honourable Company, p.215
25 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society etc., p.46
26 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.138
CHAPTER 16
1 See Keay, John, The Honourable Company, p.398
2 Elphinstone, Mountstuart, History of India etc., p.720
3 Duff, J.C. Grant, A History of the Mahrattas etc., vol.1, p.511
4 Quoted in Chaudhuri, Nirad C., Clive of India, p.465
5 Marshall, P.J, East Indian Fortunes: The British in Bengal in the Eighteenth Century, pp.32-3
6 As quoted in Marshall, P.J., East Indian Fortunes etc., p.30
7 Marshall, P.J., Bengal: The British Bridgehead, pt 2, vol.2 of NCHI, p.75
8 As quoted in Keay, J., The Honourable Company, p.303
9 Marshall, P.J., Bengal: The British Bridgehead, p.77
10 Marshall, P.J., East Indian Fortunes etc., p.235
11 Moon, P., The British Conquest and Dominion of India, p.114
12 Barnett, R.B., North India Between Empires: Awadh, the Mughals and the British 1720-1801, p.64
13 Mohibbul Hasan, The History of Tipu Sultan, p.6
14 Moon P., The British Conquest etc., p.203
15 Mohibbul Hasan, The History etc., p.120
16 Ibid, p.349
17 As quoted in Majumdar, R.C. et al, Advanced History of India, p.715
18 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.261
19 Duff, J.C. Grant, A History of the Mahrattas, vol.1, p.507
20 Ahmad Shah Abdali to Madho Singh, letter (trans. Jadunath Sarkar), in Modern Review, May 1946, quoted in HCIP, vol.8, The Maratha Supremacy, p.199
21 Malcom, J., A Memoir of Central India, quoted in Kamath, M.B. and Kher, V.B., Devi Ahalyabhai Holkar: The Philosopher Queen, p.85
22 Gordon, S., The Marathas etc., p.162
23 Ibid, pp.172—3
24 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.409
CHAPTER 17
1 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire etc., p.138
2 Kaye, Sir J., as quoted in Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.497
3 Mason, P., A Matter of Honour: An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men, p.210
4 Sita Ram (trans. Norgate, J.T.), From Sepoy to Subedar: Being the Life and Adventures of a Native Officer in the Bengal Army, p.68
5 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., pp.567-75
6 Hugel, Baron C. von, Travels in Kashmir and the Punjab, London, 1845, p.293
7 Cunningham, A., Ladak, Physical,Statistical and Historical, London, 1854, quoted in Keay, J., When Men and Mountains Meet, John Murray, London, 1977, p.170
8 Griffin, Lepel, Ranjit Singh and the Sikh Barrier between Our Growing Empire and Central Asia, pp.9—10
9 Mason, P., A Matter of Honour etc., p.229
10 Grewal, J.S., The Sikhs of the Punjab, pt 2, vol.3 of NCHI, p.115
11 Ibid, p.127
12 Quoted in Balfour, I., Famous Diamonds, 3rd edn, London, 1997, p.168
13 Sardesai, G.S., Marathi Riyasat, Bombay, 1925, quoted in Kamath, M.V. and Kher, V.B., Ahalyabai Holkar etc., p.126
14 Nehru, Jawaharlal, The Discovery Of India, p.266
15 Malcolm, Sir J., The Political History of India, 1784-1823, London, 1826, vol.2, pp.cclxiii—iv, quoted in Cohn, B.S., Colonialism and its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, pp.41-2
16 Munro, Sir T., quoted in Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.427
17 Quoted in Stokes, E., The English Utilitarians in India, p.28
18 Mill, J., The History of British India, vol.2, pp.166—7, cited in Metcalf, T.R., The Aftermath of Revolt: India 1857-70, pp.8-9
19 Trevelyan, G.O., The Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay, London, 1908 edn, pp.329-30
20 Davies, P., The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, vol.2, Islamic,Rajput and European, p.243
21 As quoted in Pemble, J., The Raj, the Indian Mutiny and the Kingdom of Oudh 1801-1859, p.59
22 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.652
23 Metcalf, T.R., The Aftermath etc., p.46
24 Bayly, C.A., Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire etc., p.196
25 Sen, Surendra Nath, Eighteen Fifty-Seven, p.411
26 Ibid, p.113
27 Pemble, John, The Raj, the Indian Mutiny and the Kingdom of Oudh,1801-59 etc., p.215
28 Lowe, T., Central India During the Rebellion of 1857 and 1858: A Narrative of Operations…, London, 1860, p. 23 6
29 Cohn, B.S., ‘Representing Authority in Victorian India’, in The Invention of Tradition (ed. Hobsbawn, E. and Ranger, T.), p.193
CHAPTER 18
1 Chandra, B. et al, India’s Struggle for Independence 1857—1947, p.52
2 Keay, J., Last Post: The End of Empire in the Far East, John Murray, London, 1997, p.23
3 Seal, A., The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Late Nineteenth Century, p.52
4 Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, pp.30-2
5 Bayly, C.A., Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770—1870, p.450
6 Ibid, p.450
7 Cohn, B.S., ‘Representing Authority’etc., p.209
8 Seal, A., The Emergence etc., p.165
9 Quoted in ibid, p.265
10 Sayid, K.B., Pakistan: The Formative Phase 1857—1948, p.5
11 Seal, A., The Emergence etc., p.276
12 Ibid, p.278
13 Gilmour, D., Curzon, John Murray, London, 1994, p.135
14 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.912
15 Quoted in Gilmour, D., Curzon, p.271
16 Quoted in Wolpert, S., A New History of India, p.273
17 Sarkar, S., Modern India, p.134
18 Ibid, p.125
19 Mukherjee, H., India Struggles for Freedom, Bombay, 1948, p.96, quoted in Chandra, B. et al, India’s Struggle for Independence 1857-1947, p.145
20 Quoted in Moon, P., The British Conquest etc p.968
21 Sarkar, S., Modern India, p.148
22 Brown, J.M., Gandhi’s Rise to Power: Indian Politics 1915—1922, p.184
23 Robb, P.G., The Government of India and Reform: Policies Towards Politics and the Constitution 1916-21, p.179
24 Hardy, P., The Muslims of British India, p.198
25 Ibid, p.198
26 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.1012
CHAPTER 19
1 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., p.1039
2 Quoted in Chandra, B. et al, India’s Struggle etc., p.270
3 Brown, J.M, Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy, p.265
4 Ibid, p.277
5 Chatterji, J., Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932—47, p.24
6 Talbot, I., ‘The Unionist Party and Punjabi Politics’, in The Political Inheritance of Pakistan (ed. Low, D.A.), pp.89—90
7 Copland, I., The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917-47, pp.166-7
8 Sarkar, S., Modern India, pp.351, 371
9 Moon, P., The British Conquest etc., pp.1092-3
10 Sarkar, S., Modern India, p.406
11 The Times, London, 4 September 1947
12 Viceroy’s Personal Report No.17, 16 August 1947, quoted in Collins, L. and Lapierre, D., Chatterji,J.,Bengal Divided: Hindu Mountbatten and the Partition of India Communalism and Partition, p.177
CHAPTER 20
1 Tully, M., No Full Stops in India, p.13
2 Quoted, for example, in Jalal, A., The State of Martial Rule p.279
3 Ibid, p.159
4 Guha, R.,Moon,P., India after Gandhi, p.393
5 Chandra, B. et al, India after Independence, p.96
6 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.333
CHAPTER 21
1 Jalal, A., The State of Martial Rule, p.98
2 Quoted in ibid, p.106
3 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the Twentieth Century, p.161
4 Ibid, p.168
5 Talbot, I., Pakistan: A Modern History, p-145
6 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the Twentieth Century p.218
7 Sen, A., The Argumentative Indian, p.188
8 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, pp.446-7
9 Bhutto, Z.A., If I am Assassinated…’, pp.142-3
10 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the Twentieth Century, p.,352
CHAPTER 22
1 Khilnani, S., The Idea of India, pp.48-9
2 Ibid, p.48
3 Bhutto, Z.A., ‘If I am Assassinated…’, p.125
4 Ziring, L., Pakistan in the 20th Century
5 Jalal, A., The State of Martial Rule, p.328
6 Bhutto, Z.A., ‘If I am Assassinated…’, p.234
7 Chandra, B. et al, India after Independence, p.260
8 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.559
9 Tully, M. and Jacob, S., Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi’s Last Battle, pp.190-7
10 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.571
CHAPTER 23
1 ‘The aid workers who really matter’, The Economist, 10 October 2009
2 Cohen, S.P., The Idea of Pakistan, p.125
3 Shaikh, F., Making Sense of Pakistan, p.99
4 Duncan, Emma, ‘Pakistan: Living on the edge’, The Economist, 17 January 1987
5 Shaikh, F., Making Sense of Pakistan, p.165
6 Council on Foreign Relations report, ‘The Taliban in Afghanistan’, 03/08/09
7 Puniyani, R., ‘Liberhan Commission Report: Better Late than Never’, Tehelka, 04/12/09
8 Guha, R., India after Gandhi, p.654
9 Ibid, p.684