Chapter 1 Notes
1. The most recent calculation of the number of executed witches is in Marion Gibson, Witchcraft Myths in American Culture (New York and London, 2007), p. 12. The literature on Salem is vast, and need not be sifted through here.
2. Gibson, Witchcraft Myths, pp. 44—9.
3. Cited in Gibson, Witchcraft Myths, p. 49; Gretchen A. Adams, The Specter of Salem: Remembering the Witch Trials in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago, 2008), p. 102. On the rhetorical use of Salem see also Philip Gould, ‘New England Witch-Hunting and the Politics of Reason in the Early Republic’, New England Quarterly 68 (1995) 58-82.
4. State, 1 March 1919.
5. Albany Eveningfournal, 26 March 1852; Boston Daily Globe, 31 July 1885. See also, Gibson, Witchcraft Myths, pp. 57—61.
6. Thomas P. Slaughter, ‘Crowds in Eighteenth-Century America: Reflections and New Directions’, Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 115 (1991) 3—35; Edmund S. Morgan, ‘The Witch & We, The People’, American Heritage 34 (1983) 6—11; Cooper, The Statues at Large of South Carolina, p. 743.
7. Rising Sun, 13 December 1796; Biddeford-Saco fournal, 25 February 1961.
8. To date, the most thorough account of eighteenth-century witchcraft is still Herbert Leventhal’s, In the Shadow of the Enlightenment: Occultism and Renaissance Science in Eighteenth-Century America (New York, 1976), ch. 3. Other important works on magic in the period, couched within religious cultures, are: David D. Hall, Worlds of Wonder, Days of Judgement: Popular Religions Belief in Early New England (New York, 1989); Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge, Mass., 1990); D. Michael Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, 2nd edition (Salt Lake City, 1998); Alison Games, Witchcraft in Early North America (Lanham, 2010).
9. Brian Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe, 3rd edition (Harlow, 2006), pp. 279—81; Wolfgang Behringer, Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria: Popular Magic, Religious Zealotry and Reason of State in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge, 1997), PP- 347-55-
10. On early perceptions of Native Americans as devil worshippers and witches see Elaine G. Breslaw, Tituba, Reluctant Witch of Salem: Deidlish Indians and Puritan Fantasies (New York, 1996); Games, Witchcraft in Early North America, pp. 21—36; Richard Godbeer, The Delhi’s Dominion: Magic and Religion in Early New England (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 192-3.
11. Daniel R. Mandell, ‘The Indian’s Pedigree (1794): Indians, Folklore, and Race in Southern New England’, William and Mary Quarterly 3rd S., 61, 3 (2004) 524; Elsie Worthington Clews Parsons, Pueblo Indian Religion (Chicago, 1939), Vol. 2, p. 1065.
12. Marc Simmons, Witchcraft in the Southwest: Spanish & Indian Supernaturalism on the Rio Grande (Lincoln, 1974), p. 26.
13. Parsons, Pueblo Indian Religion, Vol. 2, p. 1065. Transcripts of the case are also printed in Games, Witchcraft, pp. 143—52.
14. Tibo J. Chavez, ‘Early Witchcraft in New Mexico’, El Palacio 77 (1970) 7—9.
15. Malcolm Ebright and Rick Hendricks, The Witches of Abiquiu: The Governor, the Priest, the Genizaro Indians (Albuquerque, 2006).
16. Tracy Brown, ‘Tradition and Change in Eighteenth-Century Pueblo Indian Communities’, fournal of the Southwest 46, 3 (2004) 463—500.
17. David Zeisberger’s History of the Northern American Indians, Archer Butler Hulbert (ed.) (Columbus, 1910), p. 125.
18. Earl P. Olmstead, David Zeisberger: A Life Among the Indians (Kent, 1997), p. 195.
19. See Michael C. Coleman, Presbyterian Missionary Attitudes Toward American Indians, 1837-1893 (Jackson, 1985), pp. 82-5.
20. Albany Argus, reprinted in the Lancaster fournal, 10 August 1821.
21. Matthew Dennis, ‘American Indians, Witchcraft, and Witch-Hunting’, Magazine of History 17, 4 (2003) 22.
22. Charles E. Hunter, ‘The Delaware Nativist Revival of the Mid-Eighteenth Century’, Ethnohistory 18, 1 (1971) 47.
23. Adam Jortner, The Gods of Prophetstown: The Battle of Tippecanoe and the Holy War for the American Frontier (New York, 2012); Matthew Dennis, Seneca Possessed: Indians, Witchcraft, and Power in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia, 2010); R. David Edmunds, The Shawnee Prophet (Lincoln, 1983); Alfred A. Caves, ‘The Failure of the Shawnee Prophet’s Witch-Hunt’, Ethnohistory 42, 3 (1995) 445—75; Alfred A Caves, Prophets of the Great Spirit: Native American Revitalization Movements in Eastern North
America (2006); Jay Miller, ‘The 1806 Purge among the Indiana Delaware: Sorcery, Gender, Boundaries, and Legitimacy’, Ethnohistory 41, 2 (1994) 245—66.
24. See Jortner, The Gods of Prophetstoum, ch. 9.
25. Jean Van Delinder, ‘“Wayward” Indians: The Social Construction of Native American Witchcraft’, Quarterly Journal of Ideology 26 (2004); Amanda Porterfield, ‘Witchcraft and the Colonization of Algonquian and Iroquois Cultures’, Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 2, 1 (1992) 103—24.
26. Joseph R. Washington, Anti-Blackness in English Religion, 1500-1800 (New York, 1984); Laura A. Lewis, Hall of Mirrors: Power, Witchcraft, and Caste in Colonial Mexico (Durham, N.C., 2003), p. 149; John Jea, The Life, History, and Unparalleled Sufferings of John Jea, the African Preacher (Portsea, c. 1811), p. 9.
27. Thaddeus Norris, ‘Negro Superstitions’, Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine 6 (1870) 91; Yvonne P. Chireau, Black Magic: Religion and the African American Conjuring Tradition (Berkeley, 2003), pp. 18-19.
28. Indianapolis Sentinel, 18 June 1879.
29. Philadelphia Times; reprinted in Aberdeen Daily News, 30 May 1890; Brooklyn Eagle, 21 July 1880.
30. St Louis Republic, cited in Inter Ocean 19 November 1896.
31. Demos, Entertaining Satan, pp. 387—400; Godbeer, The Devil’s Dominion, pp. 229—30. See also Leventhal, Shadow, 100—6.
32. Julian P. Boyd, ‘State and Local Historical Societies in the United States’, American Historical Review 40, 1 (1934) 10—37.
33. Terry A. Barnhart, ‘“Elegant and Useful Learning”: The Antiquarian and Historical Society of Illinois, 1827—1829 ’, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 95, 1 (2002) 7-32.
34. George Faber Clark, A History of the Town of Norton (Boston, 1859), p. 582; Jeptha R. Simms, History of Scholarie County, and Border Wars of New York (Albany, 1845), p. 164; A.P. Marvin, History of the Town of Winchendon (Winchendon, 1868) pp. 408, 409; John Langdon Sibley, A History of the Town of Union (Boston, 1851), p. 228.
35. James Monroe Buckley, ‘Witchcraft’, The Century: A Popular Quarterly 43, 3 (1892) 409. I could have produced graphs and concentration maps showing where each case I have found took place, looking for regional and density patterns, but considering the selectivity and patchiness of newspaper reporting in many parts of America, such analysis could easily distort or mislead, reinforcing ethnic perceptions, as has certainly happened with regard to the Pennsylvania Dutch. Besides, those cases that came to court are merely the tip of the iceberg of witchcraft disputes. We know as much thanks to the work of folklorists.
36. Frank Luther Mott et al., American Journalism: A History of Newspapers in the United States (London, [1941] 2000), Vol. 5, p. 216.
37. New-Bedford Mercury, 24 December 1847.
38. New-Bedford Mercury, 24 December 1847.
39. Winona Daily Republican, 27 February 1899; 3 March 1899.
40. New York Times, 14 January 1881.
41. Los Angeles Times, 9 March 1903.
42. Philadelphia Inquirer, 18 October 1895.
43. The Norwood News, 31 October 1899; Fort Wayne Sentinel, 17 November 1899; Hutchinson News, 20 November 1899; Fort Wayne News, 25 November 1899. This is almost certainly the same John Dalke of Center, Outagamie, mentioned in the 1900 census who became a prominent enough member of the community to merit a mention as an admirable farmer in Thomas Henry Ryan’s History of Outagamie County (Chicago, 1911), p. 1226, and attracted a newspaper obituary in 1940.
44. The Times [Hammond, Indiana], 5 July 1907; Atlanta Constitution, 15 February 1903.
45. For a useful summary of these issues, see Beverly J. Robinson, ‘Africanisms and the Study of Folklore’, in Joseph E. Holloway (ed.), Africanisms in American Culture, 2nd edition (Bloomington, 2005), pp. 356—72.
46. Rosan Augusta Jordan and Frank De Caro, ‘“In This Folk-Lore Land”: Race, Class, Identity, and Folklore Studies in Louisiana’, fournal of American Folklore 109 (1996) 31-59-
47. Jeffrey E. Anderson, Conjure in African American Society (Baton Rouge, 2005), pp. 6—7.
48. J. Hampden Porter, ‘Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Mountain Whites of the Alleghanies’, fournal of American Folklore 7 (1894) 105—17.
49. Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 17 May 1873; See also <http://www.legendsofamerica. com/ks-benders.html>.
50. New York Times, 10 September 1911.
51. See Owen Davies, ‘Urbanization and the Decline of Witchcraft: An Examination of London’, fournal of Social History 30 (1997), 597—617.
52. Frances M. Malpezzi and William M. Clements, Italian-American Folklore (Little Rock, 1992), p. 146.
53. The Universalist and Ladies’ Repository 7 (1839) 393.
54. New York Spectator, reprinted in the Providence Patriot 18 March 1829. on the Five Points and Water Street, see, Emelise Aleandri, Little Italy, pp. 7—8.
Chapter 2 Notes
1. The Daily Gazette [Fort Wayne], 10 November 1885; Newark Advocate, 22 November 1901.
2. Samuel Kercheval, A History of the Valley of Virginia, 2nd edition (Woodstock, 1850), p. 240; The Mirror, 16 July 1825, 58; Winona Daily Republican, 12 October 1867; London Nonconformist, 27 November 1867.
3. Theda Kenyon, ‘Witches Still Live’, North American Review 228, 5 (1929) 623.
4. On the American German pow-wow tradition see, for instance, David Kriebel, Powwowing Among the Pennsylvania Dutch: A Traditional Medical Practice in the Modern World (University Park, 2007); Don Yoder, ‘Hohman and Romanus: Origins and Diffusion of the Pennsylvania Dutch Powwow Manual’, in Wayland D. Hand (ed.), American Folk Medicine: A Symposium (Berkeley, 1976), pp. 235—48; Gerald C. Milnes, Signs, Cures & Witchery: German Appalachian Folklore (Knoxville, 2007).
5. Vance Randolph, Ozark Superstitions (New York, 1947), ch. 7.
6. George Struble, ‘The English of the Pennsylvania Germans’, American Speech 10, 3 (1935) 170.
7. Leonard W. Roberts, Up Cutshin and Down Greasy: Folkways of a Kentucky Mountain Family (Lexington, 1959), p. 93; Jason Semmens, ‘On the Origin of Peller’, Old Cornwall 14, 1 (2009) 43-50.
8. William E. Van Vugt, Britain to America: Mid-Nineteenth-Century Immigrants to the United States (Urbana, 1999), pp. 92—3.
9. Richard M. Dorson, Bloodstoppers & Bearwalkers: Folk Traditions of the Upper Peninsula (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), pp. 113—14. See also, Wayland D. Hand, ‘The Folklore, Customs, and Traditions of the Butte Miner’, California Folklore Quarterly 5,1 (1946) 1-25.
10. On cunning-folk see Owen Davies, Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History (London, 2003).
11. On African American terms for magical practices and practitioners see, Chireau, Black Magic, esp. pp. 21, 55; Anderson, Conjure, pp. 27—8; Wonda L. Fontenot, Secret Doctors: Ethnomedicine of African Americans (Westport, 1994), pp. 39—44; Jason R. Young, Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kong and the lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery (Baton Rouge, 2007), ch. 3.
12. The term has survived in twentieth-century language to refer to an awkward clumsy person; John Algeo and Adele Algeo, ‘Among the New Words’, American Speech 64, 2 (1989) 152-6.
13. Berks and Schuylkillfournal, 21 September 1822. See also M.P. Handy, ‘Witchcraft among the Negroes’, Appleton’s fournal: A Magazine of General Literature 8 (1872) 666-7.
14. For a discussion on wanga in West Africa see, John Middleton and E.H. Winter (eds), Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa (London, 1963), 143—75.
15. See, for example, Portia Smiley, ‘Folk-Lore from Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida’, fournal of American Folklore 32, 125 (1919) 380.
16. For an overview of European folk medicine see Owen Davies, ‘European Folk Medicine’, in Stephen B. Kayne (ed.), Traditional Medicine: A Global Perspective (London, 2009), pp. 25-44.
17. Thomas Short, Medicina Britannica (Philadelphia, 1751), pp. 141, 282.
18. Chireau, Black Magic, pp. 72, 181; Milnes, Signs, Cures & Witchery, p. 98.
19. Charlotte Erichsen-Brown, Use of Plants for the Past 500 years (Aurora, 1979),pp. 88—9.
20. Randolph, Ozark Magic, p. 284.
21. William Wous Weaver, Sauer’s Herbal Cures: America’s First Book of Botanic Healing, 1762—1778 (New York, 2001), p. 41.
22. Newbell Niles Puckett, Folk Beliefs of the Southern Negro, p. 15.
23. Anderson, Conjure, p. 72. See also the Online Archive of American Folk Medicine; <http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/>.
24. Mary L. Galvin, ‘The Creation of a Creole Medicine Chest in Colonial South Carolina’, in David Buisseret and Steven G. Reinhardt (eds), Creolization in the Americas (Arlington, 2000), pp. 79—80.
25. Daily fournal, 14 November 1729.
26. Leventhal, Shadow of the Enlightenment, ch. 5; Boria Sax, ‘The Basilisk and Rattlesnake, or a European Monster Comes to America’, Society and Animals 2, 1 (1994) 3—15.
27. Laurence Monroe Klauber, Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind, 2nd edition (Berkeley, 1997), Vol. 2, p. 1192.
28. William Meyrick, The New Family Herbal: Or, Domestic Physician (Birmingham, 1790), p. 392.
29. Galvin, ‘Creole Medicine Chest’, p. 81.
30. Reprinted in The William and Mary Quarterly, 2nd S., Vol. 5, 2 (1925) no—12.
31. Charlotte Erichsen-Brown, Medicinal and Other Uses of North American Plants: A Historical Survey with Special Reference to the Eastern Indian Tribes (New York, t1979] 1989), pp. 359—62; Laurence Monroe Klauber, Rattlesnakes: Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind (Los Angeles, 1956), Vol. 1, pp. 1160—8.
32. Tennant, The Vegetable Materia Medica, p. 369.
33. Galvin, ‘Creole Medicine Chest’, pp. 74—6.
34. Elizabeth Brandon, ‘Folk Medicine in French Louisiana’, in Hand (ed.), American Folk Medicine, p. 219.
35. Weaver, Sauer’s Herbal Cures, p. 23; John Langdon Sibley, A History of the Town of Union (Boston, 1851), p. 323.
36. Abel Tennant, The Vegetable Materia Medica and Practice of Medicine (Batavia, 1837), p. 410. See also, Kay K. Moss, Southern Folk Medicine 1750—1820 (Columbia, SC, 1999), PP- 126-7.
37. Atlanta Constitution, 20 September 1901.
38. Kay K. Moss, Southern Folk Medicine 1750-1820 (Columbia, 1999), ch. 10; Richard Swiderski, Poison Eaters: Snakes, Opium, Arsenic, and the Lethal Show (Boca Raton, 2010), ch. 8; Galvin, ‘The Creation of a Creole Medicine Chest in Colonial South Carolina’, pp.82—4; Kevin J. Hayes, A Colonial Woman’s Bookshelf (Knoxville, 1996), p. 91.
39. Peter H. Wood, ‘ “It was a Negro Taught Them”: A New Look at African Labor in Early South Carolina’, in Roger D. Abrahams and John F. Szwed (eds), Discovering Afro-America (Leiden, 1975), p. 41.
40. See Walter Rucker, ‘Conjure, Magic, and Power: The Influence of Afro-Atlantic Religious Practices on Slave Resistance and Rebellion’, Journal of Black Studies 32, 1 (2001) 84—103; Bernard Moitt, Women and Slavery in the French Antilles, 1635—1848 (Bloomington, 2001), pp. 40—2.
41. Chireau, Black Magic, p. 71; Fett, Working Cures, pp. 162—3; Joseph Cephas Carroll, Slave Insurrections in the United States, 1800—1865, P- 63.
42. R.B. Medbery (ed.), Memoir of William G. Crocker, Late Missionary in West Africa (Boston, 1848), p. 116.
43. Thomas Winterbottom, An Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone (London, 1803), Vol. 1, p. 269.
44. Hyatt, Hoodoo, Conjuration, Vol. 1, p. 376; Zora Neale Hurston, Mules and Men (New York, [1935] 1990), p. 284.
45. On Norwegian American folk-medical borrowings see Kathleen Stokker, Remedies and Rituals: Folk Medicine in Norway and the New Land (St Paul, 2007), pp. 16—17.
46. For example, ‘Folk-Lore from Buffalo Valley, Central Pennsylvania’, fournal of American Folklore 4, 13 (1891) 127.
47. For example, Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars: Of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783, inclusive, together with a Review of the State of Society and Manners of the First Settlers of the Western Country (Pittsburgh, [1824] 1912), p. 125.
48. Heyrman, Southern Cross, p. 90.
49. Iowa State Reporter, 5 May 1875; Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 13 March 1875. This is probably the same Nancy Lewis recorded in the census of 1880 (Council bluffs, Iowa) as being 48 years of age, married to George Lewis, with four young daughters.
50. Vance Randolph, ‘Ozark Superstitions’, fournal of American Folklore 46, 179 (1933) 20; Richard L. Brown, A History of the Michael Brown Family of Rowan County, North Carolina (Granite Quarry, 1921), p. 29.
51. ‘Concerning Negro Sorcery in the United States’, fournal of American Folklore 3,11 (1890) 286; The Ohio Cultivator 14 (1858) 280; Western Farmer & Gardener 1 January (1846) 3; 2 February (1846) 38; 1 April (1846) 105.
52. G.H. Dadd, Dadd On the Nature and Treatment of The Diseases of Cattle (Boston, 1859), P- 375-
53. John T. Plummer, ‘Proximative Analysis of a Concretion of Hairs found in the Esophagus of a Slaughtered Ox’, American fournal of Pharmacy 25 (1853) 102.
54. ‘Western Farmer & Gardener, 1 January 1846; 1 April 1846; Conjuring and Conjure - Doctor in the Southern United States’ fournal of American Folklore 9, 33 (1896) 144; ‘Concerning Negro Sorcery in the United States’, fournal of American Folklore 3,11 (1890) 286.
55. W. Soltau Fenwick, ‘Hair-Balls and other Concretions in the Stomach’, British Medical fournal 2, 2187 (1902) 1696—98. See also John E. Cannaday, ‘Foreign Bodies in the Stomach and Intestines’, Annals of Surgery 94, 2 (1931) 218—32.
56. Vance Randolph, ‘Ozark Superstitions’, Journal of American Folklore 46, 179 (1933) 20; Josiah Henry Combs, ‘Sympathetic Magic in the Kentucky Mountains: Some Curious Folk Survivals’, Journal of American Folklore 27, 105 (1914) 328.
57. Grace Partridge Smith, ‘Folklore from “Egypt”’, Ho osier Folklore 5, 2 (1946) 45—70; ‘Concerning Negro Sorcery in the United States’, Journal of American Folklore 3, 11 (1890) 286.
58. See Daniel G. Hoffman, ‘Jim’s Magic: Black or White?’, American Literature 32, 1 (i960) 47—54; Ray W. Frantz Jr, ‘The Role of Folklore in Huckleberry Finn’, American Literature 28, 3 (1956) 314—27.
59. William Henry Perrin, History of Effingham County, Illinois (Chicago, 1883), pp. 13-14.
60. <http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Muggles%27_Guide_to_Harry_Potter/Magic/ Bezoar>. On recent interest see Suzanne M. Shultz, ‘Bezoars: A Not-So-Magical Therapy from the Past ’, Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet 14, 3 (2010) 303—7.
61. Eliza Brightwen, ‘Bezoars’, Science 21, 521 (1893) 50-1; H.C. Erik Midelfort, Mad Princess of Renaissance Germany (1994), p. 90.
62. John Mason Good etal., Pantologia: A New Cyclopaedia (London, 1813), Vol. 2. The porcupine bezoar is also mentioned in Samuel Steams, The American Herbal; Or, Materia Medica (Walpole, 1801), p. 267.
63. John Lawson, A New Voyage to Carolina (London, 1709), p. 49.
64. William H. Harding, ‘On the Chinese Snake-Stone, and its Operation as an Antidote to Poison’, The Medical Repository 4 (1807) 248—50.
65. Star and Republican Banner, 5 May 1840.
66. The Republican Compiler, 20 April 1830.
67. Loman D. Cansler, ‘Madstones and Hydrophobia’, Western Folklore 23, 2 (1964) 95—105; Thomas R. Forbes, ‘The Madstone’, in Hand (ed.J American Folk Medicine, pp. 11—21.
68. ‘Mad- Stones’, Journal of American Folklore, 15, 59 (1902) 292; Cansler, ‘Madstones’, 101; Walter James Hoffman, ‘Popular Superstitions’, Appletons’ Popular Science Monthly 50 (1896-7), p. 98.
69. Sidney L. Spahr and George E. Opperman, The Dairy Cow Today: U.S. Trends, Breeding and Progress since 11)80 (Fort Atkinson, 1995), p. 47; Everett E. Edwards, ‘Europe’s Contribution to the American Dairy Industry ’, Journal of Economic History 9 (1949) 72-84; Edith H. Whetham, ‘The Trade in Pedigree Livestock 1850-1910’, Agricultural History Review 27 (1979) 47—50.
70. Edwardsville Intelligencer, 28 August 1896.
71. G.R. Smith, ‘History of Crimson Clover in the USA’, <http://www.ihsg.org/ subsites/conference20i 0/documents/IHSC20i oOralProceedings(24) ,pdf>.
72. Cited in C. Grant Loomis, ‘Sylvester Judd’s New England Lor e, Journal of American Folklore 60 (1947) 154.
73. Wayland D. Hand, ‘European Fairy Lore in the New World’, Folklore 92, 2 (1981) 141-8.
74. Peter Narvaez, ‘Newfoundland Berry Pickers “In the Fairies”: Maintaining Spatial, Temporal, and Moral Boundaries Through Legendry’, Peter Narvaez (ed.), The Good People: New Fairylore Essays (New York, 1991), pp. 338—41.
75. The point is well made in Richard M Dorson, America in Legend: Folklore from the Colonial Period to the Present (New York, 1973), pp. 14—15.
76. See, for example, J.A. Teit, ‘Water-Beings in Shetlandic Folklore, as Remembered by Shetlanders in British Columbia’, Journal of American Folklore 31 (1918) 180—201; W.J. Wintemberg, ‘Folk-Lore Collected in Toronto and Vicinity’, Journal of American Folklore 31 (1918) 129; Margaret Sweeney, ‘Tales and Legends Collected by Jeffersonville Students’, Hoosier Folklore Bulletin 3, 3 (1944) 43.
77. ‘Lutins in the Province of Quebec’, Journal of American Folklore 5, 19 (1892) 327—8; Barbara Rieti, Strange Terrain: The Fairy World in Newfoundland (St John’s, 1991); Gary R. Butler, ‘The Lutin Tradition in French-Newfoundland Culture: Discourse and Belief’, in Peter Narvaez (ed.), The Good People: New Fairylore Essays (New York, I99i), PP- 5-22;
78. Richard M. Dorson, Bloodstoppers & Bearwalkers: Folk Traditions of the Upper Peninsula (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), p. 78.
79. Narvaez, ‘Newfoundland Berry Pickers’, p. 340.
80. Barbara Rieti, Making Witches: Newfoundland Traditions of Spells and Counterspells (Montreal, 2008), p. xii.
81. See Alaric Hall, Elves in Anglo-Saxon England (Woodbridge, 2007).
82. Samuel Deane, The New-England Farmer; Or Georgical Dictionary, 2nd edition (Worcester, 1797), pp. 97-8.
83. A Statistical Account, Or Parochial Survey of Ireland (Dublin, 1819), Vol. 3, p. 27; John Henderson, General View of the Agriculture of the County of Sutherland (London, 1812), p. 100.
84. Walter W. Skeat, ‘“Snakestones” and Stone Thunderbolts as Subjects for Systematic Investigation’, Folklore 23, 1 (1912) 45—80; Charles Rau, Early Man in Europe, p. 144; Thomas Wilson, Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times, pp. 22—6.
85. Lizanne Henderson and Edward J. Cowan, Scottish Fairy Belief (East Linton, 2001), pp. 77-9.
86. Joseph Meehan, ‘The Cure of Elf-Shooting in the North-West of Ireland’, Folklore 17, 2 (1906) 200-10.
87. William Jack Hranicky, Prehistoric Projectile Points Found Along the Atlantic Coastal Plain (Boca Raton, 2003).
88. James Britten, ‘Amulets in Scotland’, Folk-Lore Record 4 (1881) 168—9.
89. See Charles Cobb (ed.), Stone Tool Traditions in the Contact Era (Tuscaloosa, 2003).
90. Ishi’s story has been told in a number of publications. Regarding his arrowheadmaking skills see, Steven Shackley, ‘The Stone Tool Technology of Ishi and the Yana of North Central California: Inferences for Hunter-Gatherer Cultural Identity in Historic California’, American Anthropologist 102, 4 (2001) 693—712.
91. Parsons, ‘Witchcraft Among the Pueblos’, 109; John G. Bourke, ‘Vesper Hours of the Stone Age’, American Anthropologist 3, 1 (1890) 62; John O’Kane Murray, A Popular History of the Catholic Church in the Unites States (New York, 1876), p. 56; H. Henrietta Stockel, The Lightning Stick: Arrows, Wounds, and Indian Legends (Reno, 1995), p. 106.
92. Katherine Briggs, A Dictionary of Fairies (London, 1976), p. 7; Grace Partridge Smith, ‘Flint Charms in Southern Illinois’, Folklore 67, 3 (1956) 174—5.
93. Puckett, Folk Beliefs, p. 315; Laurie Wilkie, Creating Freedom: Material Culture and African American Identity at Oakley Plantation, Louisiana, 1840-11)50 (2000), pp. 188—9; Anderson, Conjure, p. 61.
94. Lauri Honko, Krankheitsprojektile: Untersuchung über eine urtümliche Krankheitserklarung (Helsinki, 1959); Jesse W. Harris, ‘German Language Influences in St. Clair County, Illinois’, American Speech 23, 2 (1948) 108.
95. David Zeisberger’s History of the Northern American Indians, p. 126.
96. Horatio Cushman, History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians (Greenville, 1899), p. 138.
97. Winona Republican-Herald, 19 July 1923. Amongst the Kiowa there was a belief that the buffalo had their own medicine men who gained their power from having a hair ball in their stomachs; Weston La Barre, ‘Kiowa Folk Sciences’, fournal of American Folklore 60, 236 (1947) 108.
98. Stephen Wilson, Feuding, Conflict and Banditry in Nineteenth-Century Corsica (Cambridge, 1988), pp. 92—3; Joyce Malcolm, Guns and Violence: The English Experience (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
99. Michael A. Bellesiles, Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture (New York, 2000); Bellesiles, ‘Exploring America’s Gun Culture’, William and Mary Quarterly 3rd S, 59 (2001) 241—68; Robert H. Churchill, ‘Gun Ownership in Early America: A Survey of Manuscript Militia Returns’, William and Mary Quarterly 3rd S, 60 (2003) 615-42.
100. Iowa State Reporter, 9 April 1901.
101. Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars, p. 125
102. The Gospel Advocate, and Impartial Investigator 6 (1828) 191; The Quincy Daily Whig, 19 August 1891; Tom Painter and Roger Kämmerer, Forgotten Tales of North Carolina, p. 13; Elisabeth Cloud Seip, ‘Witch-Finding in Western Maryland’, fournal of American Folklore 14, 52 (1901) 42.
103. Milnes, Signs, Cures & Witchery, p. 173; Brown Collection, pp. 489—90.
104. Owen Davies, ‘Witchcraft accusations in France 1850—1990’, in Willem de Blecourt and Owen Davies (eds), Popular Magic in Modem Europe (Manchester, 2004), pp. 107-33.
105. L. Winstanley and H.J. Rose, ‘Scraps ofWelsh Folklore. I. Cardiganshire; Pembrokeshire’, Folklore 37, 2 (1926) 166; Mary M. Banks, ‘Witch Lore from the Borders of Sussex and Surrey (1895—1898)’, Folklore 52 (1941) 74; Ruth Tongue, Somerset Folklore (London, 1965), p. 71; John Symonds Udal, Dorsetshire Folk-Fore (1922), p. 208; Ethel Rudkin, ‘Lincolnshire Folklore, Witches and Devils’, Folklore 45, 3 (1934) 263; L.F. Newman, ‘Some Notes on the History and Practice ofWitchcraft in the Eastern Counties’, Folklore 57, 1 (1946) 32; Bodil Nildin-Wall and Jan Wall, ‘The Witch as Hare or the Witch’s Hare: Popular Legends and Beliefs in Nordic Tradition’, Folklore 104 (1993) 69, 72.
106. Kansas City Times, 22 February 1891.
107. Sun, 22 September 1838; Hagerstown Mail 26 October 1838.
Chapter 3 Notes
1. Leventhal, Shadow of the Enlightenment, pp. So—1; Acts and Faws, of His Majesty’s Colony of Rhode-Island (Newport, 1745), p. 116.
2. L. Lynn Hogue, ‘Nicholas Trott: Man of Law and Letters’, South Carolina Historical Magazine 76, 1 (1975), p. 27.
3. See Owen Davies, ‘Decriminalising the witch: The origin of and response to the 1736 Witchcraft Act’, injohn Newton andjo Bath (eds), Witchcraft and the Act of 1604 (Leiden, 2008), pp. 207-32.
4. See Davies, Witchcraft, magic and culture, pp. 61—76; Malcolm Gaskill, Hellish Nell: Fast of Britain’s Witches (London, 2001).
5. Daniel D. Blinka, ‘Jefferson and Juries: The Problem of Law, Reason, and Politics in the New Republic’, American fournal ofFegal History 47, 1 (2005) 92; Faws of the State of New-fersey (1821), p. 248.
6. Faws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1810), Vol. 1, pp. 114—15; Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania. Beginning the Fifteenth Day of October 1744 (Philadelphia, 1774), p. 283.
7. Davies, Witchcraft, magic and culture, p. 48.
8. James C. Humes, ‘The Nation’s First Civil Disobedient’, American Bar Association fournal 58 (1972) 259-63.
9. Thomas Cooper, The Statutes at large of South Caroline (Columbia, 1837), Vol. 2, p. 742. On his library see, Dumas Malone, The Public Fife of Thomas Cooper, 1783—1839 (Columbia, 1961), p. 391.
10. Robert A. Gross, ‘Squire Dickinson and Squire Hoar’, Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 3rd S, Vol. 101 (1989) 1—23; Cynthia A. Kiemer, Scandal at Bizarre: Rumor and Reputation in Jefferson’s America (New York, 2004), esp. 43—5.
11. William Cobbett, Porcupine’s Works; Containing Various Writings and Selections, Exhibiting a Faithful Picture of the United States of America (London, 1801), Vol. 9, P- 353-
12. ‘Squire Jock’, The American Monthly Magazine 6 (1835) 380.
13. John A. Conley, ‘Doing it by the Book: Justice of the Peace Manuals and English Law in Eighteenth Century America’, Journal of Legal History 6, 3 (1985) 257—98.
14. William Nelson, The Office and Authority of a Justice of Peace (London, 1729), p. 732.
15. See, for example, Joseph Shaw, The PracticalJustice of Peace (London, 1751); Theodore Barlow, The Justice of Peace: A Treatise Containing the Power and Duty of that Magistrate (London, 1745), p. 137; Leventhal, Shadow of the Enlightenment, pp. 83—4.
16. Baltimore Federal Republican, 4 March 1820.
17. A.B. Wright, Autobiography of Rev. A.B. Wright (Cincinnati, 1896), p. 262.
18. Albert Virgil Goodpasture, Life of Jefferson Dillard Goodpasture (Nashville, 1897), pp. 66—8; Nashville Herald, reprinted in Brattleboro Messenger, 27 August 1831.
19. The identity of the French family is confirmed by genealogical research. For details see <http://www.ffenchfamilyassoc.com/FFA/CHARTS/Chart 1 io/>.
20. <http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~tnfentre/fent.htm>.
21. <http://www.newsarch.rootsweb.com/th/read/TNOVERTO/2003-11/ io69692709>.
22. The Revised Statutes of the State of Maine, passed October 22, 1840 (Augusta, 1841), p. 740; Davies, Grimoires, pp. 201—2. See also The Public Statute Laws of the State of Connecticut (Hartford, 1808), Vol. i,p. 689. Blewett Lee’s various articles on spiritualism, fortune telling, and the law are useful, e.g. ‘Psychic Phenomena and the Law’, Harvard Law Review 34, 6 (1921) 625-38.
23. Statutes of the State of New Jersey (Trenton, 1847), p. 262.
24. Quincy Daily Whig, 14 December 1892; St Albans Daily Messenger, 14 December 1892.
25. Cedar Rapids Gazette, 23 March 1950; Tucson Daily Citizen, 14 March 1950; Evening Journal, 22 March 1950.
26. <http://courts.delaware.gov/CommonPleas/municipal.stm>.
27. Laws of the State of Delaware (New-Castle, 1797), Vol.i, p. 68.
28. Claudia L. Bushman, Harold B. Hancock and Elizabeth Moyne Hornsey (eds), Proceedings of the Assembly of the Lower Counties on the Delaware, 1770—1776 (Cranbury, 1986), p. 267.
29. Laws of the State of Delaware (1829), p. 139.
30. Revised Statutes: The State of Delaware (Dover, 1852), p. 487.
31. Yoshinobu Hakutani (ed.), Theodore Dreiser’s Uncollected Magazine Articles, 1897—1902 (Cranbury, 2003), p. 258.
32. See Graham Caldwell, Red Hannah, Delaware’s Whipping Post (Philadelphia, 1947).
33. Hakutani, Theodore Dreiser’s Uncollected Magazine Articles, p. 257.
34. State of Delaware: Journal of the House of Representatives, Vol. 1939 (s.n., 1905), p. 70.
35. Chester Times, 16 March 1927. On legal discrimination against gypsy fortune tellers in this period, see also, Mary Walker, ‘“A Fool, Idiotic, and Insane Kind of Business”: Fortune Tellers in the Long Beach Amusement Zone in the 1920s’, unpublished paper.
36. The Dothan Eagle, 21 March 1950; Bakersfield Californian, 4 May 1950.
37. State of Delaware: Journal of the House of Representatives (1951) p. 130.
38. Tucson Daily Citizen, 13 February 1953.
39. Charleston Daily Mail, 10 April 1953; Laws of the State of Delaware (195 5), Vol. i,p. 380.
40. Eric Homberger, New York City: A Cultural and Literary Companion (New York, 2003), p. 87.
41. New York Herald, 17 February 1889.
42. Macon Weekly Telegraph, 21 April 1893.
43. Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 July 1914.
44. Forrest Morgan etal., Connecticut as a Colony and as a State (Hartford, 1904), Vol.i, p. 228; John M. Taylor, The Witchcraft Delusion in Colonial Connecticut (New York, 1908), p. 155.
45. Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar: Gender, Law and Society in Connecticut, 1699-1789 (Chapel Hill, 1995), pp. 295, 302, 316, 325.
46. Peter Charles Hoffer, Law and People in Colonial America (Baltimore, 1992), pp. 79—81; Kiemer, Scandal at Bizarre, p. 45; Cornelia Hughes Dayton, Women Before the Bar, p. 304; Joan R. Gundersen, To Be Useful to the World: Women, Revolutionary America, 1740—1790 (New York, 1996), p. 138.
47. Thomas Starkie, A Treatise of the Law of Slander, Libel, Scandalum Magnatum, and Lalse Rumours (London, 1813), p. 87.
48. Charles Viner, A General Abridgment of Law and Equity, 2nd edition (London, 1791), Vol. 1, pp. 420—5. See also Thomas Coventry and Samuel Hughes, An Analytical Digested Index to the Common Law Reports (Philadelphia, 1832), Vol. 2, p. 1286.
49. William Halsted, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Judicature of the State of New Jersey (Trenton, 1824), V0I.2, p. 298.
50. Cited in Andrew J. King, ‘The Law of Slander in Early Antebellum America’, American Journal of Legal History 35, 1 (1991) 15.
51. S.M. Waddams, Sexual Slander in Nineteenth-Century England: Defamation in the Ecclesiastical Courts, 1819—1899 (Toronto, 2000).
52. See Andrew J. King, ‘Constructing Gender: Sexual Slander in Nineteenth-Century America’, Law and History Review 13,1 (1995) 63—110.
53. A transcript of the records was printed in Janies D. Hopkins, Address to the Members of the Cumberland Bar (Portland, 1833), pp. 30—2.
54. The New England Historical and Genealogical Register 28 (1874) 70, 71.
55. John Hayward, The New England Gazetteer, 7th edition (Boston, 1839); George Augustus Wheeler, History of Brunswick, Topsham, and Harpswell (Boston, 1878), p. 220.
56. Hopkins, Address, p. 32. Hopkins was possibly referring to court documents pertaining to the Arundel, York County, case.
57. Quoted in Conley, ‘Law of Slander’, 14.
58. See Ann Goldberg, Honor, Politics and the Law in Imperial Germany, 1871—11)14 (Cambridge, 2010), esp. pp. 33—74.
59. Quoted in Goldberg, Honor, p. 37.
60. Wilkes-Barnes Times, 12 August 1915.
61. Lake County Times, 3 June 1918; Quincy Daily fournal, 17 September 1917. Both the Dissingers and Sigfried had been bom in Pennsylvania.
62. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, 13 June 1877.
63. New York Herald, 14 February 1885; New York Times, 14 February 1885. It would seem a similar argument was mounted in the slander case brought by Elizabeth Dissinger of Auburn, Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Inquirer, 19 September 1918.
64. New York Times, 2 September 1883; A Compilation of the Laws Applicable to the City of Scranton (Scranton, 1877), p. 206.
65. Washington Post, 6 March 1917.
66. Samuel June Barrows, New Legislation Concerning Crimes, Misdemeanors, and Penalties (Washington, 1900) p. 191.
67. Winona Daily Republican, 27 February 1899; 3 March 1899. Details of both families have been researched by family members on <http://www.ancestry.com>.
68. Hohman, Long Lost Lriend (1850), p. 10.
69. The World, 5 July 1891.
70. St Louis Republic, 10 July 1898.
71. James G. Kieman, ‘Race and Insanity’, fournal of Nervous and Mental Disease 13, 2 (1886) 74-6.
72. Trenton State Gazette, 31 June 1850; Public Ledger, 5 July 1850. Other instances include: John Gardner of Reading attempting to bring a suit against a Mrs Staub for witchcraft (Newark Daily Advocate, 12 September 1883); another Pennsylvania case was reported in the Daily Nevada State fournal, 11 March 1894.
73. Newark Advocate, 22 November 1901; Chicago Tribune, reprinted in Des Moines Daily News, 25 November 1901; Locomotive Engineers fournal, 30 (1896) 516.
74. Suburbanite Economist, 16 August 1907; Evening Herald [Montpelier, Indiana], 3 July 1907; The Times [Hammond, Indiana], 5 July 1907. John Paris was almost certainly
the 41-year-old of Vincennes mentioned in the 1910 census. He was married to Lydia Paris, with three young children.
75. The Times [Hammond, Indiana], 3 July 1907.
76. See Peter D. Edgerton, ‘Banishment and the Right to Live Where You Want’, University of Chicago Law Review 74, 3 (2007) 1023—55.
77. Morning Oregonian, 4 February 1924; Tyrone Daily Herald, 26 April 1924.
78. On American editions see Paul C. Gutjahr, An American Bible: A History of the Good Book in the Unites States, 1777—1880 (Stanford, 1999).
79. Columbus Messenger, reprinted in the Inter Ocean, 2 July 1875.
80. The Evening Post [Frederick], 1 June 1912.
81. New Albany Ledger, reprinted in Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 19 July 1871;
82. Pittsburgh Gazette, 26 July 1875.
Chapter 4 Notes
1. On the value of global comparisons see Ronald Hutton, ‘Anthropological and Historical Approaches to Witchcraft: Potential for a New Collaboration?’, Historical fournal 47, 2 (2004) 413—34; Wolfgang Behringer, Witches and Witch-Hunts: A Global History (Cambridge, 2004). The idea of regional and local cultures in America is explored in David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (NewYork, 1989).
2. Frances M. Malpezzi and William M. Clements, Italian-American Folklore (Little Rock, 1992), p. 61; Randolph, Ozark, p. 265.
3. Combs, ‘Sympathetic Magic in the Kentucky Mountains’, 329; Barden, Virginia Folk Legends, p. 96; Brown Collection, p. no; Ricardo Arguijo Martinez, Hispanic Culture and Health Care: Fact, Fiction, Folklore (Saint Louis, 1978), p. 106.
4. The figure for England and Wales in the same period is 91 per cent; Davies, Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, p. 193.
5. David Zeisberger’s History of the Northern American Indians, p. 124.
6. Dennis, Seneca Possessed, p. 105; Games, Witchcraft, p. 80.
7. On the gendered nature of magic in African-American culture see Yvonne Chireau, ‘The Uses of the Supernatural: Toward a History of Black Women’s Magical Practices’, in Susan Juster and Lisa MacFarlane (eds), A Mighty Baptism: Race, Gender, and the Creation of American Protestantism (Ithaca, 1996), pp. 171—89.
8. Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars: Of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783, inclusive, together with a Review of the State of Society and Manners of the First Settlers of the Western Country (Pittsburgh, [1824] 1912), p. 126.
9. Marion Gibson, Reading Witchcrafl: Stories of Early English Witches (London, 1999), ch. 3.
10. See Linda Degh and Andrew Vazsonyi, ‘Does the Word “Dog” Bite? Ostensive Action: A Means of Legend-Telling’, Journal of Folklore Research 20 (1983) 5—34; Bill Ellis, ‘Death by Folklore: Ostension, Contemporary Legend, and Murder’, Western Folklore 48, 1 (1989) 201—20; Bill Ellis, Lucifer Ascending: The Occult in Folklore and Popular Culture (Lexington, 2004); Stephen Mitchell, ‘A Case ofWitchcraft Assault in Early Nineteenth-Century England as Ostensive Action’, in Willem de Blecourt and Owen Davies (eds), Witchcraft Continued: Popular Magic in Modern Europe (Manchester, 2004), pp. 14-29.
11. Richard Day and William Hopper, Images of America: Vincennes (Charleston, 1998), p. 86.
12. The Times [Hammond, Indiana], 5 July 1907.
13. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, 12 June 1878.
14. Rebecca Kugel, ‘Of Missionaries and Their Cattle: Ojibwa Perceptions of a Missionary as Evil Shaman’, Ethnohistory 41, 2 (1994) 227—44.
15. Wilkes-Barre Times, 15 September 1911; New York Times, 10 September 1911.
16. John Powell, Encyclopedia of North American Immigration, p. 115.
17. Ronald B. David, Clinical Pediatric Neurology, 3rd edition (New York, 2009), pp. 192-3.
18. New Orleans Delta and The Crescent, reprinted in the Trenton State Gazette, 31 July 1855.
19. Rochester Sentinel, 9 March 1937.
20. Omaha World Herald, 12 May and 13 May 1938; Logansport Press, 13 May 1938; Plain Dealer, 19 June 1938.
21. Louis C. Jones, ‘The Evil Eye among European-Americans’, Western Folklore 10, 1 (1951) 11—25; Hand, Magical Medicine, ch. 16 ‘The Evil Eye in Its Folk Medical Aspects: A Survey of North America’; Alixa Naff, ‘Belief in the Evil Eye among the Christian Syrian-Lebanese in America’, fournal of American Folklore 78 (1965) 46—51; Robert T. Trotter II, ‘A Survey of Four Illnesses and Their Relationship to Intra- cultural Variation in a Mexican American Community’, American Anthropologist, N.S. 93, 1 (Oil1) U5—25; Malpezzi and Clements, Italian-American Folklore, pp. 117—28. See also, Howard F. Stein, ‘Envy and the Evil Eye among Slovak-Americans: An Essay in the Psychological Ontogeny of Belief and Ritual’, Ethos 2, 1 (1974) 15—46.
22. foplin Globe, 28 June 1929; Ogden Standard-Examiner, 4 August 1929.
23. Naugatuck Daily News, 11 October 1901.
24. Trenton Evening Times, 12 January 1907.
25. Charles Bradbury, History of Kennebunkport (Kennebunk, 1837).
26. Rising Sun (N.H.), 13 December 1796; Biddeford-Sacofournal, 25 February 1961.
27. See, for example, Lyndal Roper, Witch Craze: Terror and Fantasy in Baroque Germany (New Haven, 2004), ch. 7.
28. St Louis Republic, 10 July 1898.
29. St Louis Republic, reprinted in Ticonderoga Sentinel, 20 July 1899.
30. Newark Advocate, 20 November 1901.
31. LogansportJournal, 20 August 1903; Atlanta Constitution, 16 August 1903.
32. Newark Daily Advocate, 12 September 1883.
33. Salt Lake Tribune, 25 January 1903.
34. Andre Jackson Davis, The Magic Staff: An Autobiography of Andrew Jackson Davis (New York, 1857), pp. 143-52.
35. Parsons, ‘Witchcraft Among the Pueblos’, 107; William S. Simmons, ‘Indian Peoples of California’ California History 76, 2/3 (1997) 61; John G. Bourke, ‘Notes Upon the Religion of the Apache Indians’, Folklore 2, 4 (1891) 431; David Blanchard, ‘Who or What’s a Witch? Iroquois Persons of Power’, American Indian Quarterly 6 (1982) 231.
36. Quoted in Blanchard, ‘Who or What’s a Witch?’, 231. See also, Missionary Herald 15 (1819) 223.
37. Kate Masur, An Example for the Land: Emancipation and the Struggle over Equality in Washington, D.C. (Chapel Hill, 2010), pp. 114-15.
38. Washington Star, reprinted in the Albany Evening Journal, 3 September 1867.
39. Galveston Daily News, 8 January 1895.
40. New York Sun, reprinted in the State [South Carolina], 31 March 1895.
41. Roland Steiner, ‘Observations on the Practice of Conjuring in Georgia’, Journal of American Folklore 14, 54 (1901) 180.
42. Frances Cattermole-Tally, ‘The Intrusion of Animals into the Human Body: Fantasy and Reality’, Folklore 106 (1995) 89-92; Puckett, Folk Beliefs, p. 255.
43. Kansas City Times, 24 May 1888.
44. Syracuse Standard, 11 September 1885; Kansas City Star, 2 November 1885.
45. Bill Cecil-Fronsman, Common Whites: Class and Culture in Antebellum North Carolina (Lexington, 1992), p. 118.
46. Ogden Standard Examiner, 17 June 1934.
47. Wyatt MacGaffey, Kongo Political Culture: The Conceptual Challenge of the Particular (Bloomington, 2000), pp. 78—115; Laura L. Porteous, ‘The Gri-Gri Case: A Criminal Trial in Louisiana During the Spanish Regime, 1773’, Louisiana Historical Quarterly 17 (1934) 48-63.
48. ‘Concerning Negro Sorcery in the United States’, Journal of American Folklore 3,11 (1890) 281-2.
49. See, for example, Reg Crowshoe and Sybille Manneschmidt, Akak’stiman: A Blaclffoot Framework for Decision-Making and Mediation Processes, 2nd edition (Calgary, 2002), ch. 4; William Wildschut, Crow Indian Medicine Bundles (New York, 1975); Charlotte Johnson Frisbie, Navajo Medicine Bundles orJish (Albuquerque, 1987).
50. Ellis, ‘Southwest: Pueblo’, p. 205.
51. Bernard Coleman, ‘The Religion of the Ojibwa of Northern Minnesota’, Primitive Man io (1937) 50.
52. Louise Spindler, ‘Great Lakes: Menomini’, in Deward E. Walker Jr and David Carrasco (eds), Witchcraft and Sorcery of the American Native Peoples (Moscow [Idaho], 1989), pp. 49, 56, 64.
53. Anderson, Conjure, pp. 38—9.
54. Franz Boas, ‘Current Beliefs of the Kwakiutl Indians’, Journal of American Folklore 45, 176 (1932) 248.
55. Roland Steiner, ‘Observations on the Practice of Conjuring in Georgia’, Journal of American Folklore 14, 54 (1901) 179.
56. Alanson Skinner, Material Culture of the Menomini (New York, 1921), pp. 333—4.
57. Wells, ‘Southwest: Pueblo’, pp. 207—9; Ebright and Hendricks, Witches of Abiquiu, pp. 133, 143.
58. I agree with Anderson on this; Anderson, Conjure, p. 179, n. 50.
59. Galveston Daily News, 8 December 1906.
60. <http://chesterf1eld-sc.com/History%2008.htm>; William Gilmore Simms, The Geography of South Carolina, pp. 60.
61. Cooper, The Statutes at large of South Caroline, Vol. 2, pp. 742—3; Viola C. Floyd, Lancaster County Tours (Lancaster, S.C., 1956), pp. 14—16.
62. Portsmouth Journal of Literature and Politics, 2 October 1824.
63. For example, Hand, Magical Medicine, ch. 15; Patricia Rickels, ‘Some Accounts of Witch Riding’, Louisiana Folklore Miscellany 1, 2 (1961) 1—17; Josiah Henry Combs, ‘Sympathetic Magic in the Kentucky Mountains: Some Curious Folk Survivals’, Journal of American Folklore 27, 105 (1914) 328.
64. Kristina Tegler Jerselius, Den stora hiixdansen: Vidskepelse, vackelse och vetande i Gagnef 1858 (Uppsala, 2003).
65. Hyatt, Hoodoo, Conjuration, Witchcraft, Footwork, Vol. i,p. 136.
66. Hand, Magical Medicine, p. 229.
67. Robert Farris Thompson, African Art in Motion: Icon and Art (Berkeley, 1974), ch. 3.
68. See, for example, Robert F. Gray, ‘Some Structural Aspects of Mbugwe Witchcraft’, in Middleton and Winter (eds), Witchcrafl and Sorcery in East Africa, p. 166; J.R. Crawford, Witchcrafl and Sorcery in Rhodesia (Oxford, 1967), pp. 115—16.
69. Owen Davies, ‘The nightmare experience, sleep paralysis and witchcraft accusations’, Folklore 114, 2 (2003), 181—203; Owen Davies, ‘Hag-riding in Nineteenth-Century West Country England and Modem Newfoundland: An Examination of an Experience-Centred Witchcraft Tradition’, Folk Life 35 (1996—7), 36—53; David Hufford, The Terror that Comes in the Night: An Experience-Centred Study of Supernatural Assault Traditions (Philadelphia, 1982); Shelley R. Adler, Sleep Paralysis: Night-Mares, Nocebos, and the Mind-Body Connection (New Bmnswick, 2011).
70. Life of William Grimes, the Runaway Slave, Brought Down to the Present Time (New Haven, 1825), pp. 24-5.
71. New Orleans Bee, 7 June 1844, reprinted in Age, 5 July 1844; Times Picayune, 7 June 1844.
72. Joe Ross, ‘Hags Out of Their Skins’, Journal of American Folklore 93, 368 (1980) 183—6; ‘Beliefs of Southern Negroes Concerning Hags’, Journal of American Folklore 7, 24 (1894) 66-7; Chireau, Black Magic, pp. 86-7.
73. Giselle Anatol, ‘Transforming the Skin-Shedding Soucouyant: Using Folklore to Reclaim Female Agency in Caribbean Literature’, Small Axe 7 (2000) 44—59; Jeffrey W.Mantz, ‘Enchanting Panics and Obeah Anxieties: Concealing and Disclosing Eastern Caribbean Witchcraft’, Anthropology and Humanism 32, 1 (2007) 18—29;
74. FredB. Kniffen, Hiram F. Gregory, and George A. Stokes, The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present (Baton Rouge, 1987), p. 261.
75. Akers, Living in the Land of Death, pp. 27, 28.
76. Trenton State Gazette, 31 July 1855.
77. Tom Peete Cross, ‘Folk-Lore from the Southern States’, Journal of American Folklore 22, 84 (1909) 254.
78. Spindler, ‘Great Lakes: Menomini’, pp. 48, 49.
79. Porter, ‘Notes on the Folk-Lore of the Mountain Whites’, 114.
80. Dallas Morning News, 3 October 1936; Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 October 1936.
81. Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 July 1902.
82. Lock Haven Express, 20 August 1904.
83. Memphis Daily Avalanche, 17 March 1866.
84. For a detailed study of this see Catherine L. Albanese, A Republic of Mind & Spirit: A Cultural History of American Metaphysical Religion (New Haven, 2007).
85. Lawrence Foster, Women, Family, and Utopia: Communal Experiments of the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Mormons (Syracuse, 1991), ch. 3; Clarke Garrett, Spirit Possession and Popular Religion: From the Camisards to the Shakers (Baltimore, 1987); Albanese, Republic of Mind & Spirit, pp. 182—90.
86. Allen Putnam, Mesmerism, Spiritualism, Witchcraft, and Miracle: A Brief Treatise (Boston, 1858), pp. 28, 33.
87. W.G. Le Due, ‘Introduction’, James Stanley Grimes, Etherology, and the Phreno- philosophy of Mesmerism and Magic Eloquence, 2nd edition (Boston, 1850), p. 12.
88. On mesmerism in America see, David Schmit, ‘Re-visioning Antebellum American Psychology: The Dissemination of Mesmerism, 1836—1854’, History of Psychology 8 (2005), 403—34; Betsy van Schlun, Science and the Imagination: Mesmerism, Media, and the Mind in Nineteenth-Century English and American Literature (Berlin, 2007); Robert C. Fuller, Mesmerism and the American Cure of Souls (Philadelphia, 1982).
89. David Christy, A Lecture on African Civilization (Cincinnati, 1850), pp. 13—14; David Christy, Pulpit Politics; Or, Ecclesiastical Legislation on Slavery (Cincinnati, 1862), p. 41.
90. William Denton, Nature’s Secrets: Or, Psychometric Researches (London, 1863), p. 293.
91. Buchanan, ‘Sympathetic Impressibility’, Buchanan’s Journal of Man 1, 8 (1849) 358.
92. The Ohio Medical and Surgical Journal, 4, 5 (1852) 437; The Western Lancet, 13, 1 (1852) 42-52.
93. W.H. Hunter, ‘The Pathfinders ofjefferson County’, Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications 8 (1900) 155.
94. Andrew Jackson Davis, The Great Harmonia (Boston, 1867), Vol. 3, p. 243.
95. Emerson W. Baker, The Devil of Great Island: Witchcraft and Conflict in Early New England (New York, 2007). On the development of spiritualism in America see, for example, Owen Davies, Ghosts: A Social History, 5 Vols (London, 2010), Vols 3—5.
96. Baltimore Gazette, 10 November 1832.
97. Easton Gazette, 20 August 1831; Albany Daily Advertiser, reprinted in Rhode Island Republican, 13 September 1831; New Hampshire Sentinel, 7 October 1831.
98. William McDonald, Spiritualism Identified with Ancient Sorcery, New Testament Demonology, and Modern Witchcraft (New York, 1866), pp. 5, 112. On McDonald, see Benjamin L. Hartley, Evangelicals at a Crossroads: Revivalism and Social Reform in Boston, 1860-igio (Lebanon, 2011), p. II.
99. Church Review 18 (1866) 113. On the sceptical equation of spiritualism with Salem, see Adams, Specter of Salem, pp. 66—8.
100. Heather D. Curtis, Faith in the Great Physician: Suffering and Divine Healing in American Culture, 1860-igoo (Baltimore, 2007), pp. 125-6.
101. See Stephen Gottschalk, The Emergence of Christian Science in American Religious Life (Berkeley, 1973), esp. pp. 144—5, 227. See also Rennie B. Schoepflin, Christian Science on Trial: Religious Healing in America (Baltimore, 2003).
102. Joseph Jastrow, The Psychology of Conviction: A Study of Beliefs and Attitudes (Boston, 1918), pp. 192, 193.
103. Boston Daily Globe 13 May and 15 May 1878; Gillian Gill, Mary Baker Eddy (Reading, Mass., 1998), chps 13—14; Willa Cather and Georgine Milmine, The Life of Mary Baker G. Eddy & the History of Christian Science (New York, 1909), esp ch. 12.
104. Frank Podmore, Mesmerism and Christian Science: A Short History of Mental Healing (London, 1909), p. 271.
105. Roy M. Anker, Self-Help and Popular Religion in Modern American Culture (Westport, 1999), P- 83; Gottschalk, The Emergence of Christian Science, p. 149.
106. New York Times, 21 May 1907.
107. Ogdensburg Advance, 18 November 1909; New York Times, 27 April 1910; Augusta Stetson, Vital Issues in Christian Science: A Record of Unsettled Questions which Arose in the Year igog (New York, 1914).
108. James G. Kieman, ‘Race and Insanity’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 13, 2 (1886) 74-6.
109. Ogdensburg Advance, 8 August 1907; Anaconda Standard, 8 August 1907; Logansport Reporter, 8 August 1907; Oakland Tribune, 7 August 1907; Washington Post, 8 August 1907-
HO. Fort Worth Morning Register, 24 December 1901; Des Moines Daily News, 21 December 1901; Dubuque Telegraph-Herald, 21 December 1901.
Chapter 5 Notes
1. Davies, Witchcraft, Magic and Culture, pp. 86—100; Nils Freytag, ‘Witchcraft, witch doctors and the fight against “superstition” in nineteenth-century Germany’, in Willem de Blecourt and Owen Davies (eds), Witchcrafl Continued: Popular Magic in Modern Europe (Manchester, 2004), pp. 29—46; Peter Dinzelbacher, ‘Swimming Test’, in Richard Golden (ed.), Encyclopedia of Witchcrafl: The Western Tradition (Santa Barbara, 2006), Vol. 4, pp. 1097—9; Russell Zguta, ‘The Ordeal by Water (Swimming of Witches) in the East Slavic World’, Slavic Review 36 (1977) 220—30; Heikki Pihlajamaki, ‘“Swimming the Witch, Pricking for the Devil’s Mark”: Ordeals in Early Modem Witchcraft Trials’, Journal of Legal History 21 (2000) 35—59; Bartosz Marcinczak, ‘Krytyka plawienia czarownic w Objasnieniu blpdami zabobonow zaraio- nych Jozefa Andrzeja Zaluskiego’, Literatura Ludowa 3 (2006) (my thanks to Bartosz Marcinczak for providing me with an English version of his article); Peter Toth, ‘River Ordeal—Trial by Water—Swimming of Witches: Procedures of Ordeal in Witch Trials’, in Gabor Klaniczay and Eva Poes (eds), Witchcraft, Mythologies and Persecutions (Budapest, 2008), pp. 129—64.
2. Richard Weisman, Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion in 17th-Century Massachusetts (Amherst, 1984), pp. 104, 236; Godbeer, Devil’s Dominion, p. 167; Demos, Entertaining Satan, p. 287, 363; Games, Witchcraft, p. 141.
3. Thomas’s Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode-Island, Newhampshire and Vermont Almanack (Worcester, 1797); Beers’s Almanac. . .for 171)8; Robert K. Dodge, Early American Almanac Humor (Bowling Green, 1987), pp. 121—2; John Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope, History of Chester County, Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1881), Vol. 1, p. 414.
4. Randolph, Ozark, p. 282. On early modem prickers see Peter Maxwell-Stuart, Witch- Hunters: Professional Prickers, Unwitchers and Witch-Finders of the Renaissance (Stroud, 2003).
5. See, for example, Nasario Garcia, Brujerias: Stories of Witchcrafl and the Supernatural in the American Southwest and Beyond (Texas, 2007), pp. 266—80; Arthur J. Rubel, ‘Concepts of Disease in Mexican-American Culture’, American Anthropologist N.S., 62, 5 (i960) 801; Aurelio M. Espinosa, The Folklore of Spain in the American Southwest, J. Manuel Espinosa (ed.) (Norman, 1985), pp. 75—6.
6. Weisman, Witchcraft, Magic, and Religion, p. 40.
7. The Herald [Syracuse], 27 October 1889; Wayland Fdand (ed.), Popular Beliefs and Superstitions: A Compendium of American Folklore (Boston, 1981), p. 1093; George
Benson Kuykendall, History of the Kuykendall Family since its Settlement in Dutch New York in 1646 (Portland, 1919), p. 508.
8. de Blecourt, ‘Boiling Chickens and Burning Cats’, p. 99. See also, Hans de Waardt, Toverij en samenleving (The Hague, 1991), p. 216.
9. Boston Daily Globe, 20 August 1883.
10. Willem de Blecourt, ‘“Evil People”: A Late Eighteenth-Century Dutch Witch Doctor and his Clients’, in Davies and de Blecourt (ed.), Beyond the Witch Trials, pp. 147, 149. An earlier eighteenth-century Dutch example is also reported in The Athenian Oracle, 2nd edition (London, 1704), p. 73. See also, de Blecourt, ‘Boiling Chickens and Burning Cats’, p. 99.
11. Marijke Gijswijt-Hofstra, ‘Witchcraft after the Witch-Trials’, p. 170; Douglas R. Holmes, Cultural Disenchantments: Worker Peasants in Northeast Italy (Princeton, 1989), p. 157.
12. Harry Hyatt, Folk-Lore from Adams County (New York, 1935), pp. 488—98.
13. Syracuse Daily Standard, 2 April 1896.
14. Waterloo Daily Courier, 13 May 1893. This is likely to be the Peter Sandford mentioned as a foundry worker in Paterson in the 1880 census. He was bom in the Netherlands, was aged 26 (in 1880), and was married with young children.
15. The Herald [Syracuse], 27 October 1889.
16. Quincy Daily fournal, 12 August 1896. For other cases from Ohio and Kentucky, see Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, 12 September 1875; Daily fournal [Tennessee], 26 August 1895; Logansportfournal, 16 August 1913.
17. E.B. Knebb Atchison, ‘Concretions’, Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science 16 (1897—8) 45—6.
18. Wilkes-Barre Times, 6 September 1877.
19. Gustav Henningsen, ‘Witchcraft in Denmark’, Folklore 93, 2 (1982) 132.
20. Wilkes-Barre Times, 19 November 1914; Wilkes-Barre Times, 15 December 1914.
21. Atlanta Constitution, 15 June 1893.
22. See, for example Fanny D. Bergen, ‘Some Saliva Charms’, fournal of American Folklore 3, 8 (1890) 51-9.
23. Morning Telegraph [New York], 10 September 1876.
24. Portland Courier, reprinted in the Portsmouth fournal 31 September 1830.
25. Leland L. Duncan, ‘Further Notes from County Leitrim’, Folklore 5, 3 (1894) 199. See also E. Estyn Evans, Irish Folk Ways (London, 1957), p. 304; Arthur Moore, Folklore of the Isle of Man (London, 1891), p. 156.
26. Logansport fournal, 20 August 1903; Atlanta Constitution, 16 August 1903; Quincy Daily fournal, 2 December 1915.
27. St Paul Daily Pioneer, 28 September 1872.
28. Daily Confederation, 30 March i860; Waterloo Daily Reporter, 20 June 1901; Logansport Pharos, 14 June 1901.
29. Norfolk Herald, 3 June 1822; Berks and Schuylkill Journal, 21 September 1822; Huntingdon Gazette, 31 October 1822. A petition launched in 1826 by Absolom Scarborough, Hyde County, North Carolina, on his conviction for the murder of May Midyeht, detailed that while he denied he committed the act, he believed May was a witch responsible for the losses of several boats, and admitted he had expressed the opinion that ‘if he believed her a witch, he would as willingly kill her as a snake’; Cecil-Fronsman, Common Whites, p. 119.
30. The San Francisco Call, 25 November 1905; San Francisco Call, 18 January 1906.
31. Rennard Strickland, Fire and the Spirits: Cherokee Law from Clan to Court (Norman, 1975), pp. 28—9; The Panoplist, and Missionary Herald, 15 (1819) 462.
32. New-Bedford Mercury, 20 November 1829. See also, Donna Akers, Living in the Land of Death: The Choctaw Nation, 1830-1860 (East Lansing, 2004), pp. 27—8.
33. Constitution and Laws of the Choctaw Nation (c. 1846), p. 18.
34. Public Documents Printed by the Order of the Senate of the United States (Washington, 1836), Vol. 1, p. 275.
35. Grant Foreman, The Five Civilized Tribes (Norman, 1934), p. 33.
36. Simmons, Witchcraft in the Southwest, pp. 98—9; Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the Year 1854 (Washington, 1854), p. 173.
37. Simmons, Witchcraft in the Southwest, p. 102.
38. Mariposa Gazette, reprinted in Daily National Democrat, 16 October 1858.
39. See Martha Blue, The Witch Purge of 1878: Oral and Documentary History in the Early Navajo Reservation Years (Tsaile, 1988); Clyde Kluckhohn, Navajo Witchcraft (Boston, [1944] 1962).
40. Times Picayune, 23 November 1873; New Haven Register, 17 September 1888.
41. Hand, Magical Medicine, pp. 218, 222.
42. New York Times, 2 September 1883.
43. See, for example, Brown Collection, p. 440; Doughty, ‘Folklore of the Alleghanies’, 395-
44. Monroe Commercial, reprinted in the San Francisco Bulletin, 12 September 1879. For early modem examples see Demos, Entertaining Satan, p. 183; Godbeer, Delhi’s Dominion, pp. 42, 63.
45. Demos, Entertaining Satan, p. 183; Godbeer, Devil’s Dominion, pp. 44—6; Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars: Of the Western Parts oft Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1763 to 1783, inclusive, together with a Review of the State of Society and Manners of the First Settlers of the Western Country (Pittsburgh, [1824] 1912), p. 126.
46. Pers. comm. Daniel B. Davis, Archaeologist Coordinator, Kentucky Transportation Cabinet; Rebecca Morehouse, ‘Witch Bottle’, Curator’s Choice (August 2009) <http://www.jefpat.org/CuratorsChoiceArchive/2009CuratorsChoice/Aug2009-
WitchBottle.html>; Chris Manning, ‘Buried Bottles: The Archaeology of Witchcraft and Sympathetic Magic’; Marshall J. Becker, ‘An Update on Colonial Witch Bottles’, Pennsylvania Archaeologist 75, 2 (2005) 12—23.
47. Hand, Magical Medicine, ch. 6.
48. Cited in Moss, Southern Folk Medicine, p. 161.
49. Reprinted in the Winona Daily Republican, 28 July 1886.
50. Pennsylvania Agriculture and Country Life: 1840-11)40 (1971) p. 546. For examples of witches supposedly using the same method, see Milnes, Signs, Cures, & Witchery, pp. 80, 81.
51. James Frazer, Golden Bough (London, 1920), pp. 56—9, J.G. Owens, ‘Folk-Lore from Buffalo Valley, Central Pennsylvania ’, Journal of American Folklore 4, 13 (1891) 126; Kriebel, Powwowing among the Pennsylvania Dutch, pp. 39—40; Hand, Magical Medicine, p. 221; Puckett, Folk Beliefs, pp. 255, 370.
52. Wilkes-Barre Times, 12 August 1915; Quincy Daily Journal, 29 May 1897.
53. George Henry Loskiel, Flistory of the Mission of the United Brethren among the Indians in North America (London, 1794), p. 119; David Zeisberger’s History of the Northern American Indians, p. 126; Sarah Tuttle, Conversations on the Choctaw Mission (Boston, 1830), Vol. 1, p. 28; Ellis, ‘Southwest: Pueblo’, p. 204.
54. The Torch Light and Public Advertiser, 2 October 1828; Farmer’s Cabinet, 4 October 1828.
55. Colin Palmer, ‘Afro-Latinos and the Bible: The Formative Years in Mexico, Brazil, and Peru’, in Vincent L. Wimbush (ed.), African Americans and the Bible: Sacred Texts and Social Textures (New York, 2000), pp. 184—5; Rosanne Marion Adderley, ‘New Negroes from Africa’: Slave Trade Abolition and free African Settlement in the Nineteenth- Century Caribbean (Bloomington, 2006), pp. 220—2; Angelita Dianne Reyes, Mothering across Cultures: Postcolonial Representations (Minneapolis, 2002), pp. 44—6; Carole Boyce Davies (ed.), Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora (Santa Barbra, 2008), Vol. 1, p. 815.
56. Brown Collection, pt 2, pp. 106—7; William Henry Perrin, History of Effingham County, Illinois (Chicago, 1883), p. 14; Iowa State Reporter, 5 May 1875.
57. Grand Forks Herald, 14 July 1885.
58. Roud, Superstitions, pp. 314, 411; M.C. Balfour, County Folklore: Northumberland (London, 1904), pp. 53, 54; Maryjulia MacCulloch, ‘Folk-Lore of the Isle of Skye. IV’, Folklore 34, 1 (1923) 91. See also, W.A. Craigie, ‘Some Highland Folklore’, Folklore 9, 4 (1898) 378.
59. Caesar Otway, Sketches in Erris and Tyrawly (Dublin, 1841), p. 381. See also Joseph Meehan, ‘The Cure of Elf-Shooting in the North-West of Ireland’, Folklore 17, 2 (1906) 200-10.
60. For example, William Henry Jones and Lewis L. Kropf, ‘Szekely Folk-Medicine’, Folk-lore Journal 2, 4 (1884) 105; M. Edith Durham, ‘High Albania and its Customs
in 1908’, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 40 (1910) 463.
61. Also confirmed in ‘Letters to the Editor’, Folklore 72, 2 (1961) 414—16; Ewen, Witchcraft and Demonianism, p. 161; Kittredge, Witchcraft, p. 167; Folk-Lore Record 3, 1 (1880) 134; Roud, Superstitions, pp. 264-5.
62. Drums and Shadows: Survival Studies Among the Georgia Coastal Negroes (Athens, 1940), P- 13-
63. Atlanta Constitution, reprinted in Biddeford Daily Journal, 5 May 1884.
64. Huntingdon Globe, 16 June 1887; Daily Hawk-Eye, 21 February 1885; Kokomo Tribune, 18 April 1894.
65. See Bill Ellis, ‘Why is a Lucky Rabbit’s Foot Lucky? Body Parts as Fetishes’, Journal of Folklore Research 39, 1 (2002) 51-84.
66. Muskogee Phoenix, 5 May 1892; San Antonio Daily Light, 15 March 1894; Kokomo Tribune, 18 April 1894; Weekly Herald-Dispatch, 21 April 1894.
67. W.L. Hildburgh, ‘Images of the Human Hand as Amulets in Spain’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 18 (1955) 67—89; W.L. Hildburgh, ‘Notes on some Contemporary Portuguese Amulets’, Folklore 19, 2 (1908) 213—24; Malpezzi and Clements, Italian-American Folklore, p. 121; Leo Pap, The Portuguese-Americans (Boston, 1981), p. 122; Fennell, Crossroads and Cosmologies, pp. 72—4; Kathleen A. Deagan, Artifacts of the Spanish Colonies of Florida and the Caribbean, 1500—1800 (Washington D.C., 2002), Vol. 2, pp. 95-9; Hand, Magical Medicine, p. 245;
68. Semi-Weekly News [Lebanon, PA], 5 June 1922.
69. See Robert Blair St. George, Conversing by Signs: Poetics of Implication in Colonial New England Culture (Chapel Hill, 1998), pp. 181-95.
70. Louis P. Nelson, The Beauty of Holiness: Anglicanism and Architecture in Colonial South Carolina (Chapel Hill, 2008), pp. 159-60.
71. Robert Means Lawrence, The Magic of the Horse Shoe With Other Folk-Lore Notes (London, 1898), pp. 101-2.
72. Cleveland Plain Dealer Pictorial Magazine, 16 July 1950.
73. Don Yoder and Tom Graves, Hex Signs: Pennsylvania Dutch Barn Symbols and their Meaning (Mechanicsburg, 2000), esp. p. 69. See also, Milnes, Signs, Cures & Witchery, pp. 49-51-
74. Memphis Daily Avalanche, 17 March 1866; Newark Daily Advocate, 12 September 1883; Vance Randolph, ‘Ozark Superstitions’, Journal of American Folklore 46, 179 (1933) 20.
75. Robert Means Lawrence, The Magic of the Horse Shoe With Other Folk-Lore Notes (London, 1898), pp. 103—16. For its use in seventeenth-century America, see Demos, Entertaining Satan, p. 182; Godbeer, p. 82.
76. The Gospel Advocate, and Impartial Investigator 6 (1828) i9i;Buckley, ‘Witchcraft’, The Century 43, 3 (1892) 409. See also, See also Brown Collection, pp. 121—2; Mary Willis
Minor, ‘How to Keep off Witches’, Journal of American Folklore, n, 40 (1898) 76; Puckett, pp. 158, 477-8.
77. Hyatt, Hoodoo, Conjuration, Witchcraft, Footwork, Vol. i,p. 154.
78. Malpezzi and Clements, Italian-American Folklore, p. 145; Puckett, Folk Belief, pp. 156—7; Alan Dundes, ‘“Jumping the Broom”: On the Origin and Meaning of an African American Wedding Custom’, fournal of American Folklore 109 (1996) 324-9-
79. Monroe Commercial, reprinted in the San Francisco Bulletin, 12 September 1879.
80. Blair St. George, Conversing by Signs, pp. 190—2.
81. Dina Eastop, ‘Outside In: Making Sense of the Deliberate Concealment of Garments within Buildings’, Textile 4,3 (2006) 238—55; Brian Hoggard, ‘The Archaeology of Counter-witchcraft and Popular Magic’, in Owen Davies and Willem de Blecourt Beyond the Witch Trials: Witchcrafl and Magic in Enlightenment Europe (Manchester, 2004), pp. 167—86; Ian Evans, ‘Deliberately Concealed Objects in Old Australian Houses and Buildings’, PhD thesis, University of Newcastle, New South Wales, 2010. On recent American research see Megan E. Springate, ‘The Sexton’s House has a Ritual Concealment: Late Nineteenth-Century Negotiations of Double Consciousness at a Black Family Home in Sussex County, New Jersey’, African FHaspora Archaeology Network Newsletter June 2010); C. Riley Auge’s website, <http://www. crossingthethreshold.org/>; M. Chris Manning, ‘Hidden Footsteps: Analysis of a Folk Practice’, <http://baUstate.academia.edu/ChrisManningPratt/Papers/907688/ Hidden_Footsteps_Analysis_of_a_Folk_Practice>.
82. Mark P. Leone and Gladys-Marie Fry, ‘Conjuring in the Big House Kitchen: An Interpretation of African American Belief Systems Based on the Uses of Archaeology and Folklore Sources’, fournal of American Folklore 112 (1999) 372—403; Lynnjones, ‘Crystals and Conjuring at the Charles Carroll House, Annapolis, Maryland’, Newsletter of the African-American Archaeology Network 27 (2000).
83. Record Herald, 20 November 1918.
84. Plattsburgh Sentinel, 8 April 1892.
85. See Davies, Grimoires, chps. 6 and 7.
86. W.W. Newell, ‘Tales of the Blue Mountains in Pennsylvania’, fournal of American Folklore 11, 40 (1898) 78.
87. New York Times, 2 September 1883. For an in situ example see Milnes, Signs, Cures & Witchery, pp. 177-8.
88. August C. Mahr, ‘A Pennsylvania Dutch “Hexzettel”’, Monatshefte fur deutschen Unterricht 27, 6 (1935) 215-25.
89. See Adolf Spamer, Romanus-Biichlein (Berlin, 1958), pp. 95—108.
90. See Davies, Grimoires.
91. Roger Finke and Rodney Starke, The Churching of America, 1776-2005: Winners and Losers in our Religious Economy, 2nd edition (New Brunswick, 2005), ch. 4.
92. Thomas Meade Harwell, Studies in Texan Folklore—Rio Grande valley (New York, 1997), P- 6.
93. Ann Taves, The Household of Faith: Roman Catholic Devotions in Mid-Nineteenth- Century America (Note Dame, 1986), p. 58.
94. New York Times, 29 November 1872; Simmons, Witchcraft in the Southwest, p. 46.
95. Sixtieth Anniversary of the Dedication of Most Holy Name Church Troy Hill (Pittsburgh, 1928); Keith Sniadach, Relics of God: A Supernatural Guide to Religious Artifacts, Sacred Locations and Holy Souls (Charleston, 2011), pp. 131— 2.
96. Chaim M. Rosenberg, Goods for Sale: Products and Advertising in the Massachusetts Industrial Age (2007), pp. 97—8.
97. The Olean Democrat, 18 June 1891.
98. Bay City Times, 2 August 1904.
99. Plain Dealer, 4 November 1901.
100. W. Scott Robison, History of the City of Cleveland (1887), p. 382.
101. Cleveland Leader, reprinted in Boston Daily Globe, 31 July 1886.
102. See Robert Anthony Orsi, The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880—1950 (New Haven, 1985).
103. Joseph Doddridge, Notes on the Settlement and Indian Wars: Of the Western Parts of Virginia and Pennsylvania from 1765 to 1785, inclusive, together with a Review of the State of Society and Manners of the First Settlers of the Western Country (Pittsburgh, [1824] 1912), p. 126.
104. Wilkes-BarreTimes, 16 March 1916.
105. Peter Benes, ‘Fortunetellers, Wise Men, and Magical Healers in New England, 1644—1850’, in Peter Benes (ed.), Wonders of the Invisible World: 1600—11)00 (Boston, 1992), pp. 127-49.
106. Benes, ‘Fortunetellers, Wise Men’, pp. 132—3.
107. The Southern Medical and Surgicalfournal 16 (i860) 308; Drums and Shadows, pp. 15, 197; Snow, Walkin’ Over Medicine, pp. 58—60.
108. Richard M. Dorson, Bloodstoppers & Bearwalkers: Folk Traditions of the Upper Peninsula (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), pp. 81—2. On French printed magic books, see Davies, Grimoires, passim.
109. Nashua Gazette, reprinted in the Sun [Maryland], 6 October 1843. For an example of Nevens’ press advertisements see Morning News [Connecticut], 20 July 1846.
110. fackson Sentinel, 9 September 1886; Portsmouth fournal of Literature and Politics,
2 October 1824.
111. New York Sun, cited in Hopewell Herald, 3 October 1883; San Francisco Bulletin,
3 October 1883.
112. Philadelphia Inquirer, 27 August 1901.
113. New Albany Ledger, reprinted in Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 19 July 1871.
114. New York Times, 2 September 1883.
115. Newark Daily Advocate, 12 September 1883.
116. Sun 18 March 1861.
117. Q.K. Philander Doesticks, The Witches of New York (New York, 1859), p. 18. On Thomson’s work see Joe Lockard, Watching Slavery: Witness Texts and Travel Reports (New York, 2008), pp. xiv—xvii; Justine S. Murison, The Politics of Anxiety in Nineteenth-Century American Literature (Cambridge, 2011), pp. 95—6. On press advertising and magic in the period see Davies, Grimoires, ch.6; Owen Davies, ‘Newspapers and the Popular Belief in Witchcraft and Magic in the Modem Period’, fournal of British Studies 37 (1998), 139—66; Davies, Witchcraft, Magic, and Culture, pp. 160—4.
118. The World [New York], 9 July 1893.
119. Account based on reports in The Quincy Daily fournal, 11 July 1888; Quincy Daily Whig, 8 January 1901, 4 May 1901; Quincy Daily fournal, 3 May 1901; Quincy Daily Whig, 19 April 1902; Quincy Daily fournal, 21 April 1902; Quincy Daily Whig, 28 September 1904, 29 September 1904, 13 October 1904, 17 October 1905; Illinois Medical fournal, 8 (1906) 430; Quincy Daily fournal, 26 August 1913.
Chapter 6 Notes
1. William Henry Perrin, History of Effingham County, Illinois (Chicago, 1883), p. 14.
2. Fischer, Albion’s Seed, pp. 715—24.
3. Baltimore Patriot, 17 March 1831.
4. American fournal of Dental Science 1 (1839) 192.
5. Maryland and Virginia Medical fournal 12 (1859) 132.
6. Baltimore Sun, 19 December 1848; Charles Grafton Page, Psychomancy: Spirit-Rappings and Table-Tippings Exposed (New York, 1853), p. 22.
7. Daily Inter Ocean, 20 June 1889.
8. Duluth News-Tribune, 13 January 1921; Philadelphia Inquirer, 23 December 1920; Fort Waynefournal-Gazette, 20 January 1921.
9. Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, 27 March 1883. Details of the Schefflers from the census and Williams’ Cincinnati Directory for 1883, 1883, and 1885.
10. Peter Charles Hoffer, Law and People in Colonial America, p. 77; Susan Juster, ‘Sinners and Saints: Women and Religion in Colonial America’, in Nancy A. Hewitt (ed), A Companion to American Women’s History (Oxford, 2002), pp. 71—2.
11. Futhey and Cope, History of Chester County, Vol. 1, p. 413.
12. Adelaide L. Fries (ed.), Records of the Moravians in North Carolina (Raleigh, 1941), Vol. 5, pp. 2131, 2231; Moss, Southern Folk Medicine, p. 162; Jon F. Sensbach, A Separate Canaan: The Making of an Afro-Moravian World in North Carolina (Chapel Hill, 1998), p. 292.
13. Cincinnati Daily Gazette, 8 November 1877.
14. Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 October 1936. On Lenyi, see Virginia B. Troeger, Woodbridge: New Jersey’s Oldest Township (Charleston, 2002), p. 101.
15. The Gospel Advocate, and Impartial Investigator 6 (1828) 191.
16. Winona Daily Republican, 29 September 1885; 17 October 1885; The World [New York], 16 October 1885.
17. Philadelphia Record, 13 January 1929; reprinted in J. Ross McGinnis, Trials of Hex (Davis/Trinity Publishing Co. 2000), p. 433.
18. Salem Daily News, 23 May 1893; 24 May 1893; The World [New York], 9 July 1893.
19. Salem Daily News, 13 June 1893.
20. Salem Daily News, 27 November 1893; 25 January 1894; The Sumner Gazette, 1 March 1894.
21. ‘The Great Salem Witchcraft Trial of 1894’, Echoes 16-17 (1977) 96.
22. John J. Honigmann, ‘Witch-Fear in Post-Contact Kaska Society’, American Anthropologist N.S. 49, 2 (1947) 222-43.
23. Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, <http://www.hist0ry.navy.mil/danfs/j2/ jamestown-i.htm>.
24. Sergei Kan, Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture and Russian Orthodox Christianity through Two Centuries (Seattle, 1999), pp.144—5.
25. New York Herald, I4june 1879; Philadelphia Inquirer, I4june 1881; George Thornton Emmons, edited with additions by Frederica de Laguna, The Tlingit Indians (Seattle, 1991), PP- 410-11.
26. Report on Education in Alaska, p. 1447.
27. Quincy Daily Whig, 13 October 1882.
28. Brooklyn Eagle, 19 February 1882.
29. Ted C. Hinckley, The Americanization of Alaska, 1867—1897 (Palo Alto, 1972).
30. Printed in Sheldon Jackson, Alaska and Missions on the North Pacific Coast (New York, 1880), p. 84.
31. S. Hall Young, Hall Young of Alaska: The Mushing Parson (1927), p. 116.
32. Young, Hall Young of Alaska, pp. 131, 141.
33. Dearborn Independent Magazine, 28 May (1927), 20.
34. Robert E Coontz, From the Mississippi to the Sea (1930), p. 164.
35. Emmons and de Laguna, Tlingit Indians, pp. 371—2, 411—12; Eliza Ruhumah Scidmore, Alaska: Its Southern Coast and the Sitkan Archipelago (1885) p. 111; Young, Hall Young of Alaska, p. 213.
36. Thomas A. Morehouse, Gerald A. McBeath and Linda E. Leask, Alaska’s Urban and Rural Governments (Lanham, 1984), pp. 16—17.
37. Ted C. Hinckley, ‘“We Are More Truly Heathen Than the Natives”: John G. Brady and the Assimilation of Alaska’s Tlingit Indians’, Western Historical Quarterly n, I (1980) 5i-
38. Sidney L. Herring, Crow Dog’s Case: American Indian Sovereignty, Tribal Law, and United States Law in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 232—3; Claus-M Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State, 2nd edition (1987), PP- 73-4-
39. John G. Brady, ‘Witchcraft in Alaska’, The Independent, 29 December 1898.
40. Quincy Daily Journal, 1 April 1898.
41. Quincy Daily Journal, 4 November 1895.
42. The Alaska Searchlight, 17 December 1894; Quincy Daily Journal, 19 January 1895; Tacoma Daily News, 14 December 1898; Daily Alaska Dispatch, 11 February 1902. Jackson was possibly the nephew of Chief Aanyalahaash, who petitioned the governor in 1915 to have his chieftainship transferred to him; Anne Chandonnet, ‘Southeast Sagas: Chief Aanyalahaash’, <http://juneauempire.com/stories/082903/ nei_sesagas.shtml>.
43. Victoria Wyatt, ‘Interpreting the Balance of Power: A Case Study of Photographer and Subject in Images of Native Americans’, Exposure 28, 3 (1992) 26; Sharon Gmelch, The Tlingit Encounter with Photography (Philadelphia, 2008), p. 77.
44. Daily Alaska Dispatch, 10 May 1910.
45. Cedar Rapids Evening Gazette, 18 May 1896.
46. Morning Olympian, 13 December 1898.
47. Daily Alaska Dispatch, 14 February 1900.
48. Atlanta Constitution, 10 November 1902; Cranbury Press, 5 December 1902; Daily Alaska Dispatch, 23 December 1902;
49. Report on the Work of the Bureau of Education for the Natives of Alaska (Washington, 1917), pp. 84-5.
50. Charlotte Observer, 5 December 1915.
51. Daily Alaska Dispatch, 17 August 1919.
52. Daily Alaska Dispatch, 7 December 1917, 31 October 1917; Wyoming State Tribune, 30 July 1919. One of the last reported cases of witch torture amongst the Tlingits occurred in 1919 when chiefs of the Bear Lake community were arrested after a sixteen-year-old girl was found tied to a tree by her hair, her hands tied behind her back.
53. See Sergei Kan, ‘Shamanism and Christianity: Modem Day Tlingit Elders Look at the Past’, Ethnohistory 38, 4 (1991) 363-87.
54. Kan, Memory Eternal: Tlingit Culture, p. 277.
55. Young, Hall Young of Alaska, p. 118.
56. Baltimore Republican, 10 October 1911.
57. Daily Inter Ocean, 20 June 1889.
58. Newark Daily Advocate, 12 September 1883.
59. Quincy Daily Whig, 20 February 1889; Bismarck Tribune, 26 March 1889.
60. Philadelphia Inquirer, 1 November 1891.
61. Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 July 1902.
62. Grand Forks Herald, 14 July 1892.
63. North American, 22 May 1900; 11—14 March 1903; Lebanon Daily News, 14 March 1903. See also Lewis, Hex, pp. 35—6; Carleton F. Brown, ‘The Long Hidden Friend’, Journal of American Folklore 17 (1904) 90, 149.
64. American Medicine 7 (1904) 804.
65. Philadelphia Inquirer, 22 September 1900.
66. Pawtucket Times, 14 February 1910.
67. Lebanon Daily News, 30 January 1913.
68. Wilkes-Barre Times, 11 August 1909; Philadelphia Inquirer, 10 July 1910.
69. Karen Buhler-Wilkerson, No Place Like Home: A History of Nursing and Home Care in the United States (Baltimore, 2001); Harriet Fulmer, ‘History of Visiting Nurse Work in America’, American Journal of Nursing 2, 6 (1902) 411—25.
70. Pawtucket Times, 13 September 1912.
71. Aurand, Pow Wow Book, p. 12.
72. New York Times, 10 September 1911.
73. Patriot [Harrisburg], 15 July 1915.
74. Davies, Murder, Magic, Madness, pp. 184—92.
75. Oregonian, 25 August 1918; Record Herald, 19 November 1918, 20 November 1918, 26 November 1918, 11 January 1919; Gettysburg Times, 13 November 1919; Star and Sentinel, 30 April 1921.
76. The best account is J. Ross McGinnis, Trials of Hex (privately printed, 2000). See also, Joseph David Cress, Murder and Mayhem in York County (Charleston, 2011), pp. 80—6.
77. Lewis, Hex, pp. 94—5.
78. John Lineaweaver, ‘Hexa Buch’, North American Review 232, 1 (1931) 13—25.
79. The Daily Mail [Hagerstown], 6 December 1932; Dallas Morning News, 21 July 1933; Gerald Martin Bordman, American Theatre: A Chronicle of Comedy and Drama, 1930—1969 (New York, 1996), p. 94; Armond Fields and L. Marc Fields, From the Bowery to Broadway: Lew Fields and the Roots of American Popular Theatre (New York, 1993), P- 5°9i Earl F. Robacker, Pennsylvania German Literature (Philadelphia, 1943).
80. Sunday World Herald, 18 February 1934.
81. Clara Louise Leslie, ‘Science Studies Pow-Wowing’, Every Week Magazine; reprinted in The Springfield Sunday Union and Republican, 11 January 1931.
82. See A.M. Aurand, W.J. Klose, andJ.P. Keller, History of Beaver Springs, Penn’a, and Centennial Souvenir Book (Beaver Springs, 1906).
83. Donald B. Kraybill and Marc Alan Olshan, The Amish Struggle with Modernity (Hanover, 1994), pp. 115-16.
84. David Weaver-Zercher, The Amish in the American Imagination (Baltimore, 2001), pp. 53-4, 115, 129.
85. Indiana Evening Gazette, 19 September 1933.
86. See George Cooper, Poison Widows: A True Story of Witchcraft, Arsenic, and Murder (New York, 1999).
87. Indiana Evening Gazette, 9 January 1930; Huntingdon Daily News, 9 January 1930.
88. News Comet, 23 January 1931; Gettysburg Times, 24 January 1931.
89. Tyrone Daily Herald, 18 September 1933.
90. New Castle News, 6 April 1934.
91. Indiana Evening Gazette, 23 February 1935.
92. Lebanon Daily News, 12 March 1940, 14 March 1940.
93. John Andrew Hostetler, Amish Roots: A Treasury of History, Wisdom, and Lore (Baltimore, 1992), pp. 106, 107.
94. See, for example, C. Virginia Palmer, ‘The Health Beliefs and Practices of an Old Order Amish Family ’, Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners 4, 3 (1992) 117—22; Judith Offher, ‘Pow-Wowing: The Pennsylvania Dutch Way to Heal’, fournal of Holistic Nursing 16 (1998) 479—86; Paul L. Reiter etal., ‘Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Amish and Non-Amish Residents of Ohio Appalachia’, fournal of Rural Nursing and Health Care 9, 2 (2009) 33—44.
95. John A. Hostetler, ‘Folk Medicine and Sympathy Healing among the Amish’, Hand (ed.), American Folk Medicine, pp. 249—59.
Chapter 7 Notes
1. Hampshire Gazette, 19 October 1825; Sentinel and Witness (N.H.) 19 October 1825.
2. Frederick Coombs, Coomb’s Popular Phrenology (Boston, 1841), p. 58. See also Davies, Murder, Magic, Madness, p. 31.
3. George Combe, A System of Phrenology (New York, 1842), p. 149.
4. ‘Exemption of the Cherokee Indians and Africans from Insanity’, American fournal of Insanity 1 (1845) 287.
5. E.Y. Williams, ‘The Incidence of Mental Disease in the Negro’, The fournal of Negro Education 6, 3 (1937) 377—92; Peter McCandless, Moonlight, Magnolias & Madness: Insanity in South Carolina from the Colonial Period to the Progressive Era (Chapel Hill, 1996), P- 155; J.S. Haller Jr, ‘The Negro and the Southern Physician: A Study of Medical and Racial Attitudes 1800-1860’, Medical History 16, 3 (1972) 238-53.
6. Martin Summers, ‘ “Suitable Care of the African when Afflicted with Insanity”: Race, Madness, and Social Order in Comparative Perspective’, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 84, 1 (2010) 58—91. Ana Maria G. Raimundo Oda, Claudio Eduardo M. Banzato and Paulo Dalgarrondo, ‘Some Origins of Cross-Cultural Psychiatry’, History of Psychiatry 16, 2 (2005) 155—69.
7. James G. Kieman, ‘Race and Insanity’, fournal of Nervous and Mental Disease 13, 2 (1886) 74.
8. See, for example, M.M. Drymon, Disguised as the Devil: How Lyme Disease Created Witches and Changed History (South Portland, 2008); Laurie Winn Carlson, A Fever in Salem: A New Interpretation of the New England Witch Trials (Chicago, 1999); Thurman Sawyer and George Bundren, ‘Witchcraft, Religious Fanaticism and Schizophrenia—Salem Revisited’, The Early American Review 3, 2 (2000). See also, Robin DeRosa, The Making of Salem: The Witch Trials in History, Fiction and Tourism (Jefferson, 2009), pp. 93-6.
9. See Jonathan Metzl, The Protest Psychosis: How Schizophrenia Became a Black Disease (Boston, 2009), p. 26.
10. Pittsburgh Gazette, 26 July 1875.
11. Davenport Gazette, reprinted in the Logansportfournal, 11 January 1878.
12. See, for example, John Reid, ‘Understanding the New Hampshire Doctrine of Criminal Insanity’, The Yale Law Review 69, 3 (i960) 367—420.
13. Susanna L. Blumenthal, ‘The Deviance of the Will: Policing the Bounds of Testamentary Freedom in Nineteenth-Century America’, Harvard Law Review 119, 4 (2006) 959—1034; Harry Hibschman, ‘Witches and Wills’, North American Review 230, 5 (1930) 622-7.
14. For a similar link between strange farming ideas and supernatural belief, see Davies, Murder, Magic, Madness.
15. David James M’Cord, Reports of Cases Determined in the Constitutional Court of Appeals of South Carolina (Columbia, 1830), Vol. 4, pp. 183—97; Niles’ Register, 1 December 1827, 220-1.
16. Albert G. Porter, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of fudicature of the State of Indiana (Indianapolis, 1855), Vol. 5, pp. 137—40.
17. Horace Gray, Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme fudicial Court of Massachusetts (Boston, 1859), Vol. 7, 467-73; Brooklyn Eagle, 19 May 1856.
18. Stewart Chaplin, Principles of the Law of Wills: With Selected Cases (New York, 1892) pp. 76—8; Boston Daily Globe, 28 February 1888.
19. Quincy Daily fournal, 8 October 1903.
20. Glenn D. Walters, Foundations of Criminal Science: The Use of Knowledge (Santa Barbara, 1992), pp. 71-3.
21. Montana Butte Standard, 2 March 1937, 6 March 1937, 7 March 1937, 30 March 1937, 31 March 1937, I7june 1937, 18 June 1937, 19 June 1937, 20 June 1937, 26 June
J937> U February 1938; Helena Daily Independent, 15 February 1938; Independent Record, 28 April 1944.
22. The Trenton Times, 23 September 1884; St Paul Daily Globe, 24 September 1884. On the diabolic plea see Owen Davies, ‘Talk of the Devil: Crime and Satanic Inspiration in Eighteenth-Century England’, available at <http://herts.academia, edu/OwenDavies/Papers/15 75 3 5 /Т alk_of_the_Devil_Crime_and_Satanic_Inspira- tion_in_Eighteenth-Century_England>.
23. Evening Independent [Ohio], 7 April 1910; Van Wert Daily Bulletin, 20 August 1910; Belleville News Democrat, 8 April 1910; Marion Daily Star, 2 September 1910.
24. Gastonia Daily Gazette, 25 August 1938 and 27 August 1938; The Daily Times-News [North Carolina], 4 July and 9 December 1938; Sheboygan Press, 27 August 1938.
25. Statesville Landmark, 31 December 1928.
26. Trina N. Seitz, ‘Electrocution and the Tar Heel State: The Advent and Demise of a Southern Sanction’, American Journal of Criminal Justice 31, 1 (2006) 103—24; Scott Christianson, The Last Gasp: The Rise and Tall of the American Gas Chamber (Berkeley, 2010).
27. The Daily Times-News [Burlington, N.C.], 9 December 1938.
28. Baltimore Medical Journal 1 (1870) 495.
29. Mary de Young, Madness: An American History of Mental Illness and its Treatment (Jefferson, 2010), ch. 6; Benjamin Reiss, Theaters of Madness: Insane Asylums and Nineteenth-Century American Culture (Chicago, 2008).
30. Principal reports of the case in, Ames Daily Tribune-Times 3 August 1935; Hamilton Daily News Journal [Ohio] 3 August 1935; Lima News 4 August 1935; Circleville Herald 10 August 193 5; Mansfield News-Journal 13 November 1935; The Lima News 20 December 1938; The Chronicle-Telegram [Ohio] 6 January 1939; Lima News 26 February 1939; The Advocate [Ohio] 13 March 1939.
31. The only close match in the census records are a Samuel and Tillie (a contraction of Matilda) Waldman who lived with their two children in New York in the 1920s and early 193 os. This Samuel is listed as a Hungarian-bom salesman.
32. H.M. Turk, ‘A Psychiatrist Evaluates the Hospital Library’, Hospitals: The Journal of the American Hospital Association 15 (1941) 45—6.
33. The Advocate [Ohio] 13 March 1939.
34. Pottsville Republican, 19 March 1934; New Castle News, 23 March 1934; Indiana Evening Gazette, 24 March 1934, 26 March 1934; Springfield Republican, 25 March 1934; Tyrone Daily Herald, 27 March 1934; Reading Eagle, 29 March 1934.
35. Walter G. Bowers, ‘Hydrotherapy: Methods of Application with Results: As Used in the Philadelphia Hospital for the Insan e, Journal of the American Medical Association 51 (1908) 1420—1; Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania: Genealogy-Family History-Biography (Chicago, 1916), Vol. 2, pp. 639-40.
36. Richard Noll, American Madness: The Rise and Fall of Dementia Praecox (Cambridge, Mass., 2011); Adityanjee, Y.A. Aderibigbe, D. Theodoridis, and V.R. Vieweg, ‘Dementia Praecox to Schizophrenia: The First 100 Years’, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 53, 4 (1999) 437—48; See also the useful overview at <http://en. wikipedia.org/ wiki/Dementia_praecox>.
37. Indiana Evening Gazette, 6 February 1937; Gettysburg Times, 21 July 1947; Lewis, Hex, p. 197.
38. Schuylkill Legal Record 70—71 (1976) 160—6; Lebanon Daily News, 10 January 1976.
39. See John R. Sutton, ‘The Political Economy of Madness: The Expansion of the Asylum in Progressive America’, American Sociological Review 56 (1991) 665—78; Historical Statistics of the United States, Millennial Edition Online, <http://hsus. cambridge.org/HSUSWeb/HSUSEntryServlet>; Edward Shorter, A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac (New York, 1997), p. 46; Edwin Fuller Torrey and Judy Miller, The Invisible Plague: The Rise of Mental Illness from 1750 to the Present (New Brunswick, 2001), pp. 277—9. More generally see, for example, Carla Yannim The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States (Minneapolis, 2007); David Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum, revised edition (Boston, 1990).
40. James Vance May, Mental Diseases: A Public Health Problem (Boston, 1922), pp. 58—60; John Koren, Samuel Warren Hamilton and Roy Haber, Summaries of State Laws Relating to the Insane (New York, 1917).
41. Davenport Gazette, reprinted in the Logansport Journal, 11 January 1878.
42. Los Angeles Times, 27 March 1903.
43. Paul E. Carpenter, ‘Some of the Legal Phases of Insanity’, American Lawyer 102 (1903) 102. Fora good case study of these changes, see C. Peter Erlinder, ‘Of Rights Lost and Rights Found: The Coming Restoration of the Right to a Jury Trial in Minnesota Civil Commitment Proceedings’, William Mitchell Law Review 29, 4 (2003) 1269—83; ‘The “Crime” of Mental Illness: Extension of “Criminal” Procedural Safeguards to Involuntary Civil Commitments’, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 66, 3 (1975) 255-70.
44. Simpson’s Leader-Times, 9 January 1929; Cress, Murder and Mayhem in York County, p. 85.
45. James G. Kieman, ‘Race and Insanity’, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 13, 2 (1886) 74.
46. Omaha World Herald, 27 January 1907; Duluth News-Tribune, 18 February 1907; Winona Republican Herald, 18 June 1907.
47. Portsmouth Daily Herald, 1 June 1907; Grand Forks Herald, 9 November 1909.
48. Winona Republican-Herald, 4 April 1907.
49. Margaret B. Hay, ‘Law and Social Work in a Rural Community’, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 145, 1 (1929) 139—40.
Chapter 8 Notes
1. Harring, Crow Dog’s Case, p. 268.
2. Boston Daily Globe, 29 January 1892.
3. Raymond L. Cohn, Mass Migration Under Sail: European Immigration to the Antebellum United States (Cambridge, 2009), p. 122; L. Edward Purcell, Immigration (Phoenix, 1995), PP- 29-31.
4. Quoted in Edith Abbott, Historical Aspects of the Immigration Problem: Select Documents (Chicago, 1926), p. 96.
5. James Eldridge Quinlan, History of Sullivan County (New York, 1873), pp. 164—8.
6. Republican Watchman, 16 January 1891.
7. Republican Watchman, 27 April 1888.
8. Republican Watchman, 1 June 1888.
9. The Athens Messenger, 26 July 1888.
10. The Sun [New York], 28 January 1892; Middletown Daily Times, 26 May 1892;
11. Middletown Daily Times, 17 August 1892; Middletown Daily Press, 17, 18, & 19 August 1892; Republican Watchman, 19 August 1892.
12. Republican Watchman, 2 September 1892, 9june 1893; Middletown Daily Press, 7 June 1893.
13. The Argus, 23 July 1897.
14. Republican Watchman, 13 September 1901.
15. Middletown Daily Times-Press, 29 August 1914.
16. Briggs, A Dictionary of Fairies, pp. 30—3;Jesse Harris andjulia Neely, ‘Southern Illinois Phantoms and Bogies’, Midwest Folklore 1, 3 (1951) 171—8; Gerald Milnes, Play of a Fiddle: Traditional Music, Dance, and Folklore in West Virginia (Lexington, 1999), p. 29.
17. Frances Albert Doughty, ‘Folklore of the Alleghenies’, Popular Science (July 1899) 390, 391-
18. The story is pieced together from the censuses, memoir of Dan Cunningham and newspapers: Sun, 3 November 1900; Daily Herald, 16 December 1900; Fos Angeles Times, 5 October 1902; Morning Herald [Kentucky], 18 February 1905; Bluefield Daily Telegraph, 29 April 1905; Fogansport Pharos-Reporter, 29 January 1917; Bluefield Daily Telegraph, 1 February 1917; Messenger [Beckley], 23 January 1917.
19. See William Henry Bishop, History of Roane County, West Virginia (Spencer, 1927), PP- 454-5-
20. Portsmouth Herald, 8 July 1899.
21. Kenneth R. Bailey, Dan Cunningham’, West Virginia Encyclopedia, <http://www. wvencyclopedia.org/ articles/1697>.
22. <http://www.polsci.wvu.edu/wv/Clay/clahistory.html>.
23. Snake-doctor was a term for a type of dragonfly; Puckett, Folk Beliefs, p. 438.
24. The pawpaw was associated with witchcraft and the Devil; Randolph, Ozark, p. 261.
25. ‘Memoirs of Daniel W. Cunningham: The Criminal History of Roane and Jackson Counties’, manuscript dated 1929. <http://www.newrivemotes.com/misc/cun- ningh.htm>.
26. He was referred to variously as Hargess, Hargust, Hargus, and Hargis. I have stuck with Hargus due to the mention of numerous Harguses in the 1880 census of neighbouring Roane County.
27. Charleston Daily Mail, 2 November 1971.
28. Mary Lucinda Curry, Booger Mole: Mysteries, Ghost Tales, and Strange Occurrences (Maysel, 1990).
29. Beckley Post-Herald, 13 August 1965.
30. John Lilly (ed.), Mountain of Music: West Virginia Traditional Music from Goldenseal (Urbana, 1999), p. 95; Milnes, Signs, Cures & Witchery, pp. 138—41, p. 172.
31. For briefbiographical details on Hotema see H.F. O’Beime, Leaders and Leading Men of the Indian Territory (Chicago, 1891), Vol.i, pp. 135—6; Angie Debo, The Rise and Fall of the Choctaw Republic (Norman, 1961), p. 181.
32. Frances Imon, Smoke Signals from Indian Territory (Wolfe City, 1976), pp. 75—6.
33. Fort Gibson Post, 27 April 1899; Bismark Daily Tribune, 21 April 1899.
34. Dallas Morning News, 20 April 1899.
35. Arrell Morgan Gibson, Oklahoma, a History of Five Centuries (Norman, 1965), p. 193.
36. Dallas Morning News, 2 March 1901; 18 April 1901.
37. Dallas Morning News, 23 April 1901.
38. Dallas Morning News, 1 December 1901.
39. Solomon Hotema v. United States, April 28, 1902; <http://www.law.comell.edu/ supremecourt/text/186/413>.
40. Annual Report of the Attorney General for the United States for the Year 1903 (Washington, 1903), p. 49.
41. Dallas Morning News, 6 November 1902.
42. Dallas Morning News, 22 January 1903; Atlanta Constitution, 15 February 1903.
43. Augusta Chronicle, 4 December 1906; Annual Report of the Attorney General of the Unites States for the Year 1907 (Washington, 1907), Vol. 1, pp. 90, 92; Atlanta Georgian, 24 April 1907.
44. Paris News, 14 April 1999.
45. Quincy Daily fournal, 25 May 1886.
46. Harring, Crow Dog’s Case, p. 269.
47. Pittsburgh Press, 21 January 1902; Harring, Crow Dog’s Case, pp. 271—2; Anaconda Standard, 26 January 1912.
48. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the Year 1885 (Washington, 1885), p. 151.
49. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, for the Year 1883 (Washington, 1883), p. 118.
50. Brad Asher, ‘A Hainan-Killing Case on Puget Sound, 1873—1874: American Law and Salish Law’, Pacific Northwest Quarterly 86, 1 (1994) 17—24; Annual Report of the Commissions of Indian Affairs, for the Year 1879 (Washington, 1879), p. 152.
51. Franc J. Newcomb, Navaho Neighbours (Norman, 1966), 189—92. On the cultural defence issue see Andrew M. Kanter, ‘The Yenaldlooshi in Court and the Killing of a Witch: The Case for an Indian Cultural Defense’, Southern California Interdisciplinary fournal (1995) 411—54; Alison Dundes Renteln, The Cultural Defense (New York, 2004), pp. 39—40. Culture defences have been made more recently in cases of apparent witch murder. In 1993 a 24-year-old Mexican immigrant, Celerino Galicia, stabbed his girlfriend forty-three times after the couple had separated. In his defence Galicia claimed she was a bruja, and having faded to find a curanderos felt he had no alternative but to kill her to break the spell or embujada he believed was upon him. A professor of intercultural psychology was called to give evidence. In 1988 an Ethiopian refugee, Hagos Gebreamlak shot dead his girlfriend in Oakland, California, claiming that she was a bouda or witch.
Chapter 9 Notes
1. Anniston Star, 16 August 1950; Star-News, 23 August 1950; Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 August 1950; Kingsport Times, 29 October 1950, 12 December 1950, 14 December 1950, 15 December 1950, 1 February 1951, 11 March 1951, 11 May 1951.
2. Delta Democrat-Times, 30 September 1949; Arkansas State Press, 14 October 1949; Kingsport News, 10 June 1950; Delta Democrat-Times, 28 February 1952.
3. Morning Advocate [Baton Rouge], 22 July 1952.
4. Tucson Daily Citizen, 18 September 1952; Tucson Daily Citizen, 10 December 1952; Time, 11 May 1953; El Paso Herald-Post, 15 May 1953; Lima News, 24 May 1953; Prescott Evening Courier, 3 June 1955.
5. Free Lance-Star, 11 February i960.
6. Monroe Newman, ‘Joint Administration of Social Insurance Programmes’, fournal of Insurance 25, 4 (1959) 49.
7. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, 5 September 1958; Calgary Herald, 19 December 1959.
8. Lewis, Hex, p. 198.
9. Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, 1998), p. 96.
10. Oregonian, 31 October 1986; <http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/Harris- Vault.aspx>.
11. <http://www.hamsinteractive.com/vault/HI-Hams-PoU-Book-Censorehip-20ii- 04-i2.pdf>.
12. The seminal history of Wicca is Ronald Hutton, Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modem Pagan Witchcraft (Oxford, 1999). See also Leo Ruickbie, Witchcraft out of the Shadows: A Complete History (London, 2004); Aidan Kelly, Crafting the Art of Magic (St Paul, 1991).
13. See Mitch Horowitz, Occult America (New York, 2009); J. Gordon Melton, Encyclopedia of American Religions (Detroit, 2003).
14. San Diego Union, 15 March 1913.
15. Tampa Tribune, 16 December 1928.
16. News of the World, 20 October 1963; <http://www.thewica.co.uk/SL%20schoola. htm>.
17. Copies of the Pentagram can be seen at <http://www.thewica.co.uk/Pentagram. htm>.
18. Bill Ellis, Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media (Lexington, 2000), pp. 211—15. Ronal Hutton provides a useful personal insight into such teenage activities in this period; Hutton, Triumph of the Moon, p. 268.
19. Omaha World Herald, 2 January 1964.
20. Albuquerquefournal, 26 May 1964.
21. Tuscaloosa News, 29 October 1972.
22. Omaha World Herald, 10 June 1964.
23. Omaha World Herald, 2 July 1964.
24. Morning Advocate, 4 November 1964.
25. Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 October 1982.
26. Sports Illustrated, 12 December 1966.
27. Toledo Blade, 4 July 1966; Roclford Morning Star, 27 October 1968.
28. Los Angeles Times, reprinted in Tuscaloosa News, 29 October 1972.
29. Springfield Sunday Republican, 27 September 1964; Trenton Evening Times, 7 May 1964; 14 May 1964; 1 June 1964; Philadelphia Inquirer, 28 October, 1982.
30. Springfield Sunday Republic, 18 October 1964.
31. Newport Daily News, 1 June 1965.
32. Morning Advocate, 1 January 1966.
33. Marcello Truzzi, ‘The Occult Revival as Popular Culture: Some Observations on the Old and the Nouveau Witch’, The Sociological Quarterly 13 (1972) 25.
34. The Plain Dealer, 6 November 1969.
35. Toledo Blade, 4 July 1966; Tuscaloosa News, 29 October 1972.
36. See Chas S. Clifton, Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America (Lanham, 2006), Ch.2, esp, p. 43.
37. Clifton, Her Hidden Children, p. 122.
38. Wendy Griffin, ‘Webs of Women: Feminist Spiritualities’, in Helen Berger (ed.), Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America (Philadelphia, 2005), pp. 57—8.
39. See Diane Purkiss, The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations (London, 1996), ch. 1.
40. Adler, Drawing Down the Moon, pp. 127, 224.
41. Dallas Morning News, 9 May 1976.
42. Dallas Morning News, 1 April 1973.
43. See Catherine L. Albanese, Native Religion in America: From the Algonkian Indians to the New Age (Chicago, 1990), pp. 180—4; Vivianne Crowley, ‘Wicca as Nature Religion’, in Joanne Pearson, Richard H. Roberts, Geoffrey Samuel (eds), Nature Religion Today: Paganism in the Modern World (Edinburgh, 1998), pp. 176—7; Gibson, Witchcraft, PP-I54-9-
44. Omaha World Herald, 24 February 1974.
45. Leo Martello, Witchcraft: The Old Religion (Secaucus, 1973), p. 23. For biographical details see Leo Martello, Weird Ways of Witchcraft, foreword by Reverend Lori Bmno (San Francisco, 2011).
46. See Jack Fritscher, Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch’s Mouth, 2nd edition (Madison, 2004), pp. 45-50.
47. Mobile Register, 8 September 1970; Curtis D. MacDougall, Superstition and the Press (New York, 1983), p. 360.
48. See the Frosts’ blog <http://gavinandyvonne.blogspot.com/2010/12/true-history- of-wicca.html>.
49. See also Danny L. Jorgensen and Scott E. Russell, ‘American Neopaganism: The Participants’ Social Identities’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 38, 3 (1999) 325-38.
50. Plain Dealer, 10 July 1973; Morning Advocate, 21 June 1972; Mobile Register, 29 September 1974.
51. Bill Ellis, Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media (Lexington, 2000), pp. 167-202.
52. Ellis, Raising the Devil, p. 178.
53. Reading Eagle, 7 December 1972.
54. Morning Advocate, 7 February 1973. On Hershel, see Mike Hertenstein andjon Trott, Selling Satan: The Evangelical Media and the Mike Warnke Scandal (Chicago, 1993), pp. 144, 160—5. For Hershel’s own account see Hershel Smith and Dave Hunt, The Delhi and Mr Smith (Old Tappan, 1974).
55. Dallas Morning News, 4 December 1972.
56. Trenton Evening Times, 3 October 1972; Omaha World News, 3 May 1973.
57. Chicago Sun-Times Midwest Magazine, 24 March 1974; cited in MacDougall, Superstition and the Press, p. 356.
58. Ethnicity in American neopaganism is explored in Witching Culture: Folklore and Neo- Paganism in America (Philadelphia, 2004), esp. pp. 212—15. On the variety of traditions see, for example, James R. Lewis, Witchcraft Today: An Encyclopedia of Wiccan and Neopagan Traditions (Santa Barbara, 1999).
59. Sabina Magliocco, ‘Imagining the Strega: Folklore Reclamation and the Construction of Italian-American Witchcraft’, in Joseph Sciorra (ed.), Italian Folk: Vernacular Culture in Italian-American Lives (New York, 2011), pp. 197—215.
60. Odd S. Lovoll, The Promise Fulfilled: A Portrait of Norwegian Americans Today (Minneapolis, 1998), p. 54.
61. Frederic Lamond, Fifty Years ofWicca (Sutton Mallet, 2004), p. 21.
62. Philip J. Deloria, Playing Indian (New Haven, 1998), ch. 6; Sarah M. Pike, Earthly Bodies, Magical Selves: Contemporary Pagans and the Search for Community (Berkeley, 2001); Magliocco, ‘Reclamation, Appropriation and the Ecstatic Imagination in Modem Pagan Ritual’, in Murphy Pizza and James R. Lewis (eds), Handbook of Contemporary Paganisms (Leiden, 2008), pp. 223—41.
63. Helen A. Berger, Evan A. Leach and Leigh S. Shaffer, Voices from the Pagan Census: A National Survey of Witches and Neo-Pagans in the United States (Columbia, 2003), p. 29.
64. See, for example, Stephanie Urquhart, ‘Onward Pagan Soldiers: Paganism in the U.S. Military’, in Michael Strmiska (ed.), Modern Paganism in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives (Santa Barbara, 2005), p. 329.
65. The New Yorker, 11 September 1954.
66. Oregonian, 21 August i960.
67. Judith Wasserman, ‘Retail or Re-tell?: The Case of the Salem Tercentenary Memorial’, Landscape Journal 22 (2003) 1—11.
68. Advocate, 4 November 1964.
69. Bernard Rosenthal, Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 161)2 (Cambridge, 1993), p. 172.
70. See Gibson, Witchcraft, pp. 194-216; Walter Metz, Bewitched (Detroit, 2007).
71. Peter Alachi, ‘The Salem Saga 1970’, <http://www.harpiesbizarre.com/salemsaga. htm>.
72. See Susanne Saville, Hidden History of Salem (Charleston, 2010), pp. 9—18.
73. Frederick J. Augustyn Jr, ‘The American Switzerland: New England as a Toy-Making Center ’, Journal of Popular Culture 36, 1 (2002) 7; Omaha World Herald, 28 February 1970.
74. Stephen Olbrys Gencarella, ‘Touring History: Guidebooks and the Commodification of the Salem Witch Trials’, Journal of American Culture 30, 3 (2007) 271—84; Francis Hill, ‘Salem as Witch City’, in Dane Anthony Morrison and Nancy Lusignan
Schultz (eds), Salem: Place, Myth, and Memory (Lebanon, 2004), pp. 283—99; DeRosa, The Making of Salem, ch. 5.
75. See Russ Ely, Bewitched in Salem: Witch City or City of Peace? (New York, 2004), ch. 8. As a Salem pastor, Ely has his own agendas as well.
76. York Dispatch, 19 June 2007; York Daily Record, 16 April 2009; www.yorkdispatch. com/ci_673o84i (27 August 2007).
77. Dallas Morning News, 31 October 1964.