1378 |
Alonso de Borja born at Játiva in Valencia, Spain. |
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Start of Great or Western Schism, dividing Roman Church. |
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1416 |
Alfonso V becomes king of Aragon. |
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1417 |
Alonso de Borja enters service of Alfonso V. |
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Oddone Colonna elected Pope Martin V. |
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1420 |
Martin V returns papacy to Rome, ending long exile. |
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1431 |
Rodrigo de Borja born at Játiva. |
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Gabriele Condulmer elected Pope Eugenius IV. |
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1442 |
Alfonso V drives Angevins from Naples, assumes Neapolitan crown. |
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1444 |
Alonso de Borja appointed to College of Cardinals, moves to Rome following year. |
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1447 |
Tommaso Parentucelli elected Pope Nicholas V. |
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1451 |
Birth of Isabella, future queen of Castile. |
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1452 |
Birth of Ferdinand II, future king of Aragon. |
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1453 |
Constantinople falls to Ottoman Turks. |
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1455 |
Cardinal Alonso Borgia elected Pope Calixtus III, appoints Rodrigo Borgia protonotary apostolic and Pedro Luis Borgia commander of Castel Sant’Angelo. |
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1456 |
Rodrigo Borgia is made a cardinal, Pedro Luis captain-general of papal army. |
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1457 |
Rodrigo appointed vice-chancellor of Church. |
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1458 |
Rodrigo appointed bishop of Valencia. |
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Alfonso V dies, to be succeeded as king of Naples by son Ferrante (Ferdinand I). |
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Calixtus III dies; Enea Silvio Piccolomini succeeds as Pope Pius II. |
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Death of Pedro Luis Borgia. |
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Athens falls to Turks. |
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1460 |
Cardinal Rodrigo rebuked by Pius II following garden party in Siena. |
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1462 |
Birth of Louis of Orléans, future Louis XII of France. |
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1463 |
Start of sixteen-year war between Venice and Ottoman Empire. |
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1464 |
Pietro Barbo elected Pope Paul II. |
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1470 |
Negropont captured by Turks. |
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Birth of Charles VIII of France. |
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1471 |
Francesco della Rovere elected Pope Sixtus IV. |
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Rodrigo Borgia appointed papal legate to Iberian peninsula. |
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1475 |
Probable year of Cesare Lanzol y de Borja’s birth in Spain. |
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1476 |
Probable year of birth of Cesare’s brother Juan Lanzol y de Borja. |
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1478 |
Pazzi Conspiracy against Medici family in Florence. |
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Beginning of Pope Sixtus’s Italian War, which will continue two years. |
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1480 |
Lucrezia Lanzol y de Borja born. |
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Ottoman Turks occupy Otranto in southern Italy. |
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1481 |
Probable year of death of Guillen Ramón Lanzol, father of Pedro Luis, Cesare, Lucrezia, and others. |
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Ludovico Sforza, as regent, wins control of the duchy of Milan. |
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Death of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II; son and successor Bayezid II withdraws Turkish troops from Otranto. |
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1484 |
Giovanni Battista Cibo elected Pope Innocent VIII. |
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1485 |
Pedro Luis Lanzol y de Borja is made duke of Gandía by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. |
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1488 |
Murder of Girolamo Riario, nephew of Sixtus IV and husband of Caterina Sforza. |
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1491 |
Charles VIII of France marries Anne of Brittany. |
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Cesare Borgia appointed bishop of Pamplona. |
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1492 |
Death of Lorenzo de’ Medici. |
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Election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI. |
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Archbishopric of Valencia is conferred on Cesare. |
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Christopher Columbus sails west from Spain, seeking Japan, China, and India. |
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1493 |
Borgia marriages: Juan to Maria Enriquez de Luna of Spain, Lucrezia to Giovanni Sforza, Jofrè to Sancia of Aragon. |
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Cesare is appointed to College of Cardinals. |
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Columbus returns from his first voyage of discovery. |
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Papal bull divides newly discovered territories between Spain and Portugal. |
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1494 |
Death of Ferrante of Naples; succeeded by son Alfonso II. |
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French invasion of Italy by Charles VIII. |
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Expulsion of Medici family from Florence. |
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1495 |
Alfonso II of Naples abdicates; succeeded by son Ferrandino (Ferdinand II). |
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Charles VIII meets Alexander VI in Rome, enters Naples in triumph. |
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Holy League formed to resist French occupation. |
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Following Battle of Fornovo, Charles withdraws to France. |
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1496 |
Death of Ferrandino of Naples; succeeded by uncle Don Fadrique (Federico I). |
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1497 |
Friar Girolamo Savonarola of Florence is excommunicated after calling for a council to depose Alexander VI. |
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Alexander makes war on Orsini; death of Virginio Orsini. |
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Murder in Rome of Juan Borgia, second duke of Gandía. |
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Annulment of Lucrezia Borgia’s marriage to Giovanni Sforza. |
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1498 |
Murder of Pedro Calderón, Lucrezia’s alleged lover. |
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Death of Charles VIII; succeeded by Louis XII, who later agrees with Venice to partition Milan. |
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Lucrezia wed to Alfonso of Aragon, duke of Bisceglie. |
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Cesare is allowed to resign from College of Cardinals; travels to French court at Chinon, France; is made duke of Valentinois; wed to Charlotte d’Albret. |
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Savonarola, discredited, is executed by Florentine civil authorities. |
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1499 |
Louis XII marries Anne of Brittany, seizes Milan and Genoa. |
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Pope Alexander excommunicates Romagna lords, seizes territories of the Gaetani. |
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Vasco da Gama returns to Lisbon from voyage to India. |
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Cesare’s first impresa captures Imola, besieges Forlì. |
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Lucrezia gives birth to son, Rodrigo of Aragon. |
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1500 |
Cesare captures Caterina Sforza. |
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Duke of Bisceglie is attacked and gravely wounded, subsequently strangled. |
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Cesare launches second impresa, besieges Faenza. |
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Spain and France agree to partition kingdom of Naples. |
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1501 |
Alexander creates Cesare duke of Romagna. |
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Don Fadrique abdicates as king of Naples, retires to Anjou. |
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Lucrezia is married to Alfonso d’Este. |
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1502 |
Arezzo rebels against Florence. |
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Cesare launches third impresa, captures Urbino and Cesena. |
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Machiavelli and Soderini meet Cesare at Urbino. |
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Conspiracy of condottieri against Cesare. |
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Cesare makes surprise visit to Louis XII at Milan, renews alliance. |
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Machiavelli visits Cesare at Imola. |
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Cesare resumes offensive, advances to Senigallia. |
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1503 |
Vitelli and Oliverotto strangled at Senigallia. |
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Alexander and Cesare launch war on Orsini. |
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Gonsalvo captures city of Naples for Spain. |
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Death of Alexander VI, election of Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini as Pope Pius III. |
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Death of Pius III, election of Giuliano della Rovere as Pope Julius II. |
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1504 |
Having earlier become the prisoner of Julius II at Ostia and subsequently freed, Cesare is again arrested, at Naples, this time by Gonsalvo, transported as prisoner to Spain. |
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Death of Isabella of Spain. |
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1505 |
Lucrezia becomes duchess of Ferrara upon death of Ercole d’Este. |
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Cesare transferred from Chinchilla to Medina del Campo. |
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1506 |
Cesare escapes from Medina del Campo, makes way to Navarre. |
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1507 |
Cesare killed in battle. |
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1519 |
Death of Lucrezia. |